Joints

• solid unions of bone formed by connective tissue fibers
• amount of movement allowed depends on shape of articulating surface and length of collagen fibers

• sutural ligament connecting bone of the skull
• very little if any movement is allowed in the adult

• peg-and-socket joint,
• relatively immovable and restricted to the teeth held in alveolar socekts in the mandible and maxillae by a periodontal ligament

• type of fibrous joint in which closely opposed bony surfaces are held together by an interosseous ligament or membran
• all small amounts of movement

• distal tib-fib
• interosseous membranes of forearm and leg
• interosseous sacroiliac ligament

solid unios of bone formed by either hyalin cartilage or fibrocartilage

• immovable temproary joints in the developing skeleton that serve as growth zones
• plates of hylaine cartilage (epiphyseal plates) joinging the shafts (diaphyses) and ends (epiphyses) of long bones
• also costal cartilage

• limited rang of movemnet produced by deformation of connecting pad or disc of fibracartilage
• unpaired midline joints

• adjacent vertebral bodies united by intervertebral discs of fibracartilage
• pubic symphysis
• sacrococcygeal joint
• manubriosternal joint
• xiphisternal joint

characterized by a joint cavty that permits free movement

• number of articulating surfaces and complexity
• number of axes of movement
• general shape of synovial joints and movements allowed
• geometric shape of articular surfaces

2 articulating surfaces

3 or more surfaces

articular disc or meniscus that completely or partially subdivides the joint

1 degree of freedom because they lmiit movement to a single axis

2 degrees of freedom because they allow independent movmenets around 2 axes at right angles

• 3 degree of freedom
• allow independent movements around 3 axes

almost flat surfaces that allow sliding or translation between bones

• zygapophysial joints (facet joints)
• AC joint
• intercarpl joints
• CMC & IP joints
• Proximal TibFib joint
• small tarsal joints
• tarsometatarsal and intermetatrsal joints

• uniaxial joints that are shpaed allow only FLEX and EXT.
• strong collateral ligaments at the sides

• humeroulnar
• ankle joint / talocrural joint
• interphalangeal joints of fingers and toes

uniaxial joint ollowing rotation of either a bony pivot in an osseofibrous ring or around a pivot

• proximal and distal radioulnar joints
• median atlanto-axial joint

• biaxial joints allowing a principla movements around one axis and limited independent (adjunct) rotation about a 2nd axis
• have 2 convex condyle articulating with concave surfaces

• knee
• TMJ

• biaxial joints alling FLEX-EXT in one plane, ADD-ABD in another, and combinatino of all 4 in circumduction
• oval or elliptical convex surface articulating with an elliptical concave surface

• radiocarpal joint
• MCP joing
• metatarsophalangeal joints

• biaxial joints allowing FLEX EXT, ABD-ADD, and circumduction by conjunct rotation
• each earticular surface is convex in 1 diretion and concave at right angles to this

• CMC joint of thumb
• SC joint
• calcaneocuboid joint

multiaxial joints allowing flex-ext, abd-add, circumduction, and med-lateral ROT. convex articulating with concave

• shoulder - GH joint
• hip

egg-shaped surfaces are either convex (male) in all directions or concave (female)

convex in one plane and concave at right angles to this

• cover articular surfaces of bones that develop by endochondral ossificiation
• provides smooth, wear-resistant surfaced bathed by synovial fluid

• cover surfaces of TMJ, SC, and AC joints
• mandible and clavicle developed by intramembranous ossification

• convex surfaces are thickest centrally and concave surfaces are thickest perifpherally
• aneural and avascular
• nourished by diffusion of nutrients from synovial fluid and blood vessels in the adjacent synovial membrane and bone marrow

• tangential zone
• transitional zone
• radial zone
• calcified cartilage zone attached to bone

lines all non-articular structures within joints: fibrous capsules, bones, tendons, ligaments. lines bursae and tendon sheaths outside

increase in size and number with age in inner surface

lines the synovial cavity and consists of 1-3 layers of type A and type B synoviocytes that resemble macrophages and fibroblasts respectively

remove debris from the synovial fluid and synthesize components of synovial fluid such as hyaluronic acid.

• blends with the fibrous capsule and consists of either loose areolar tissue, fibrous tissue or fat
• numerous capillaries and lymphatics lie beneath the intima.

• found in synocial joints, bursae, tenon sheaths
• secreted and absorbed by the synocial membrane and a byproduct of blood plasma with added hyaluronic acid
• lubricant of the joint and helps to absorb compressive forces
• provides nutrition for articular cartilage, discs, and menisci

• consist of fibrocartilage with more fibers than cells
• attached to fibrous capsule of bone and have a vascular and nerve supply to their periphery only
• act as shock absorbers, increase joint congruency and stability, facilitate movements, distribute weight, protect joint margins and assist in lubrication

completely separates the articular surfaces dividign the joint into 2 cavities

an incomplete disc that partially separates the joint surfaces

• sleeve of dense irregular connective tissue attached around the peripery of the articular surfaces of the bone
• lined on its inner surface by synovial membrane

joints are innervated by the nerves that innervate the muscles that move or cross that joint

vessels and nerves pierces the capsule and it may have openings for bursae that are continuous with the synovial membrane of the joint

• local thickenings of dense regular connective tissue
• stabilize joints by restricting and guiding movements

separate from the joint capsule and may be exracapsular or intracapsular

• connec muscle to bone
• continuous with muscle at myotendinal junction

tendon attach to cortical bone

• consist of dense regular connective tissue
• collagen fibers are organized into cord-like bundles with loose CT between them
• associated with joints at their attachments to bone
• sensory nerve supply but a poor blood supply
• high tensile strength and are slightly elastic
• transmit force of muscle contraction o bone
• some stabilize joint by acting as "dynamic ligaments"