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CH-103 Chap 17

  1. Lipids
    are non polar compounds that are not in water, but soluble in organic solvents. Includes waxes, fats and oils, glycerophospholipids and steroids.
  2. Lipids that conatain no fatty acids:
    Steroids.
  3. A Fatty acid:
    contains a long unbranched carbon chain attached to a carboxylic acid group at one end. Image Upload 2
  4. A Saturated Fatty acid:
    contains only one carbon-carbon bonds. (properties similar to an alkane.)
  5. In a Monounsaturated fatty acid:
    the long carbon chain has one double bond. (properties similar to an alkene.)
  6. A Polyunsaturated fatty acid:
    has at least two carbon-carbon double bonds.
  7. Lauric Acid:
    Saturated Fatty Acid, 12 Carbon atoms. CH3--(CH2)10--COOHImage Upload 4
  8. Myristic Acid:
    Saturated Fatty Acid, 14 Carbon Atoms: CH3--(CH2)12--COOH Image Upload 6
  9. Palmitic Acid:
    Saturated Fatty Acid, 16 Carbons: CH3--(CH2)14--COOH Image Upload 8
  10. Stearic Acid:
    Saturated Fatty Acid, 18 Carbons: CH3--(CH2)16--COOH Image Upload 10
  11. Palmitoleic acid:
    Monounsaturated Fatty acid: 16 Carbons CH3--(CH2)5--CH==CH--(CH2)7--COOHImage Upload 12
  12. Oleic Acid:
    Monounsaturated Fatty Acids; 18 Carbons CH3--(CH2)7--CH==CH--(CH2)7--COOHImage Upload 14
  13. Linoleic Acid:
    • Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid; 18 Carbons
    • CH3-(CH2)4-CH=CH-CH2-CH=CH-(CH2)7-COOH Image Upload 16
  14. Linolenic Acid:
    Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; 18 Carbons; CH3--(CH2--CH==CH)3--(CH2)7--COOH Image Upload 18
  15. Arachidonic Acid:
    Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; 20 Carbons; CH3--(CH2)3--(CH2--CH==CH)4--(CH2)3--COOH
  16. Prostaglandins:
    • hormone-like substances formed from Arachidonic acid.
    • raise or lower blood pressure.
    • stimulate contraction & relaxation of smooth muscle.
    • PGE & PGF produce inflammation and pain.
    • NSAIDs block the production of prostaglandins; decrease pain.
  17. Similarities in the structures of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid.
    All fatty acids contain a long chain of carbon atoms with a carboxylic acid group.
  18. Differences in the structures of a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid.
    Saturated fatty acids contain only carbon-carbon single bonds; unsaturated fatty acids contain one or more double bonds.
  19. Saturated fatty acids:
    • Lauric Acid
    • Myristic Acid
    • Palmitic Acid
    • Stearic Acid
  20. Monounsaturated acids:
    • Palmitoleic Acid
    • Oleic Acid
  21. Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids:
    • Linoleic Acid
    • Linolenic Acid
    • Arachidonic Acid
  22. How does the structure of a fatty acid with a cis double bond differ from the structure of a fatty acid with a trans double bond?
    • In a cis fatty acid the H atoms are on the same side of the double bond (produces a bend in the carbon chain).
    • In a trans fatty acid the H atoms are on opposite sides of the double bond (no bond in carbon chain).
  23. What is the difference in the location of the first double bond in an Omega-3 and an Omega-6 fatty acid?
    • Omega-3: double bond on carbon 3 (counting from methyl group).
    • Omega-6: double bond on carbon 6 (counting from methyl group).
  24. Sources of Omega-3 fatty acids:
    fish oils (linolenic acid).
  25. Sources of Omega-6 fatty acids:
    • vegetable oils.
    • meat (land animals)
  26. Compare Arachidonic acid and Prostagland E (PGE):
    • arachiodonic acid has four double bonds and no side group.
    • PGE1 has cyclopentane, and hydroxyl and ketone functional groups.
  27. Compare structures of and functional groups of PGE and PGF
    • PGE has a ketone group on carbon 9.
    • PGF has a Hydroxyl group on carbon 9.
  28. A Wax is:
    an ester of a long-chain saturated fatty acid and a long-chain alcohol; containing 14-30 carbon atoms.
  29. Waxes:
    Image Upload 20
  30. Wax structure:
    Fatty acid(--C==O), ester bond (--O--), Long chain alcohol


    Image Upload 22
  31. Triacylglycerols:
    Triglycerides, are triesters of glycerol (trihydroxy alcohol) and fatty acids. Image Upload 24
  32. The triglycerol that is formed by the esterification of glycerol with CH3--(CH2)12--COOH:
    • The saturated fatty acid is: Myristic acid.
    • It forms glyceryl trimystate or trimyristin (common).
  33. The triglycerol that is formed by the esterification of glycerol with CH3--(CH2)5--CH==CH--(CH2)7--COOH:
    • The monounsaturated fatty acid with 16 carbons is Palmitoleic acid.
    • It forms glyceryl tripalmitoleate or tripalmitolein (common).
  34. A Fat is:
    • A triacylglycerol that is solid at room temperature.
    • Obtained from an animal source (meat, whole milk, butter & cheese).
  35. An Oil is:
    • A triacylglycerol that is usually a liquid at room temperature.
    • Obtained from a plant source.
  36. In Hydrogenation of an unsaturated fat:
    hydrogen is added to carbon-carbon double bonds to form carbon-carbon single bonds.
  37. Esterification Reaction:
    Glycerol + 3 Fatty Acid molecules --> triacylglycerol + 3H2O
  38. Hydrogenation of Triacylglycerols:
    Tracylglycerol (unsaturated) + H2 -(Ni)->Triacylglycerol (saturated).
  39. Oxidation of Unsaturated Fatty Acids:
    Fatty Acids (unsaturated) --> (short-chain aldehydes) --> (short-chain carboxylic acids)
  40. Hydrolysis of Triacylglycerols:
    Triacylglycerol + 3H2O -HCl-> glycerol + 3 fatty acid molecules
  41. Saponification of Triacylglycerols:
    Triacylglycerol + 3NaOH --> glycerol + 3 sodium salts of fatty acids
  42. Biodiesel:
    A nonpetroleum fule that can be used in place of diesel fuel; produced from renewable biological resources.
  43. Cephalin:
    A glycerophospholipid found in brain and nerve tissues that incorporates the amino alcohol serine or ethanolamine.
  44. Ceramide:
    A lipid in which sphingosine is attached to a fatty acid by an amide link.
  45. Cholesterol:
    The most prevalent of the steroid compounds; needed for cellular membranes and the synthesis of vitamin D, hormones, and bile salts.
  46. Fatty Acid:
    A long-chain carboxylic acid found in many lipids.
  47. Lecithins:
    Glycerophospholipids containing choline as the amino alcohol.
Author
Allistermark
ID
118554
Card Set
CH-103 Chap 17
Description
CH 103 Chapter 17
Updated

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