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Race is a _____, a fabrication of the human mind.
myth
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What is the first myth of race?
Any race is superior to others
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What is the second myth about race?
that "pure" races exist
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Race is so arbitrary that biologists and athropologists cant agre on ___________.
how many races there are
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Most people appear to be ______. and believe that their own race (even if a little) is superior to other ones.
ethnocentric
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What is the word ethnicity derived from?
the word "ethnos" (greek meaning: people or nation)
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The words ethnicity and ethnic referes to people who idenitify with one another on the basis of what?
common ancestry and cultural heritage
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Who defined the term "minority group" ?
Louis Wirth
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What are the shared conditions of minority groups?
Their physical or cultural traits are held in low esteem by the dominant group, when treats them unfairly, and they tend to marry within their own group.
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A minority group is not necessarily a _______ minority.
numerical
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The people who discriminate against the minority are not the majority but the _______.
dominant group
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The dominant group considers its privileged position to be the result of ________.
its own innate superiority
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What are the two ways a group becomes a minority?
- Through the expansion of political boundaries
- migration
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The third way of how (women) became a minority is .....
not known yet.
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Who identified the "sense of ethnicity?"
Ashley Doane
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What is the basic gist of the "sense of ethnicity"
- You have low sense of ethnicity if you are (part of the majority, the greater power, similiar to the "national identity", not a victim of discrimination)
- You have a heightened sense of ethnicity if you are )Part of samller numbered gropus, the lesser power, different from the "national identity", discrimnated against)
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Discrimnation is an ______
Prejudice is an _________
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What is positive prejudice?
Exaggerates the virtues of a group, as when people think that some group (usually their own) is more capable than others.
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How do people learn prejudice?
- Association (inducted into KKK Groups)
- Far-reaching nature of prejudice (hating the different and unkown)
- Internalizing Dominant norms (learning to be prejudice against your own kind)
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What is the internalization of the norms of the dominant group?
When people learn to be prejudiced against their own group.
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Who created the implicit association test?
- Mahzarin Banaji
- Anthony Greenwald
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Why was the implicit association test created?
To study the internalization of dominant groups
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Briefly explain the expeirment of the implicit association test.
Good and bad words associated with african americans and whites. Both blacks AND whites associated bad words with african americans and good words with whites.
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We learn the ethnic maps of our culture along with ____.
their route to biased perception
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Although individual discrimination creates problems, it is primarily __________.
an issue between individuals
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Sociologist encourage us to examine ________ discrimination.
institutional
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What are two examples of instituional discrimination?
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African americans and latinos are ____% more liekly to be rejected for loan for home mortgages than whites.
60
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Banks purposely targeted ______to charge higher interest rates.
minorities
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A consequence of the higher payments for african americans and latinos was that.....
they were more likely to lose their homes.
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Both black and white doctors are more likely to give preventive care to _____ instead of _____.
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We are certain that doctors _______ to discriminate against patients.
do not intend
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The reason that ethnicity is a factor in medial decisions is .....?
unknown by researchers
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In the health care system regarding mother/child deaths.. African american mothers are ______ times likely to die as white mothers.
three
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African american babies are ______ as more likely to die when study mother/child deaths, than white babies.
twice
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Is the higher rate of black mothers and children dying than whites an issue of biology or sociology?
sociology (social conditions, nutriton and medical care)
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What are the two pyschological explanations of prejudice?
- Frustration and Scapegoats
- The authoritarian personality
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Who suggested that prejudice is a result of frustration?
John Dollard
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What was the explanation that of the frustration and scapegoats theory?
People are prejudice because they are frustrated with their lives (unemployment, debt, etc.) They often pick a scapegoat and blame solely them for their problems, ultimately leading to prejudices.
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Who led a studying showing that mild frustration can increase prejudice?
Emroy Cowen.
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What was Emroy Cowen study on frustration and scapegoats?
Gave a students a puzzle with not enough time to finish it. Students got frustrated and exhibited an increase of prejudice.
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Who is responsible for the research of the authoritarian personality?
Theodor Adorno
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What was Adorno's study on the authoritarian personality?
Surveyed 2,000 people ranging from college professor to prision inmates) Gave them three tests to measure their ethnocenterism, anti-Semitism and support for strong, authoritarian leader.
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What were the results from Adorno's experiements?
People who scored high on one test usually scored high on the two other tests as well.
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Who did researchers find to be more likely to be authoritarian?
- People who are older..
- less educated
- less intelligent
- lower social class
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Sociologists find that psychological explanations are _______.
inadequate
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Highly prejudice people are insecure _______.
conformists
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Sociologists explain prejudice in what three ways?
- Functionalist theory
- Conflict theory
- Symbolic interactionism theory
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Explain the functionalist view on prejudice
Claim that societies need prejudice to function. Nazis werent to get to start off, so blamed the jews and took everything from them, making prejudice functional for them.
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Who demonstrated functional prejduice at a boys' summer camp?
Muzafer and Carolyn Sherif
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What did the sherif experiment result in?
Tauht sociologist important lessons about social life. Kids who were best friend prior to the exp. had turned against each other. It's easy to create or make a group prejudice if they are pitted against each other.
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How do conflict theorist view prejudice?
They analyze how groups are pitted against one another. They focus on how the arrangement always betters social group with power.
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What are the two ways business owners create divisions and weaken labor?
- Keep workers insecure
- Exploit racial-ethnic divisions.
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Keeping workers insecure and drawing on the unemployed to expand business' production is usually a result in a _________ force
reserve labor
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When business' exploit racial-ethnic divisions a _______ market is usually formed.
split labor
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What deflects anger and hostility away from the power elite?
Divisions among workers
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What is the symbolic interactionist's view on prejudice?
- That labels create prejudice
- Labels produce prejudice behavior
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Symbolic interactionists stress that the labels we learn affect the way we...
perceive people
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Labels cause _______ perception.
selective
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Some stereotypes _______ prejudice and discrimination but also ________ the behavior depicted in the stereotype.
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What is the global pattern of intergroup relations? (In order)
- Genocide
- Population Transfer
- Internal Colonialism
- Segregation
- Assimilation
- Muticulturalism (pluralism)
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Genocide
Dominant group tries to destroy the minority
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Population transfer
The dominant group exples the minority group
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Internal colonialism
The dominant group exploits the minority group
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Segregation
The dominant group structures the social institutions to maintain minimal contact with the minority group
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Assimilation
The dominant group absorbs the minorty group
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Muticulturalism (pluralism)
The dominant group encourages racial and thnic variation; when successful, there is no longer a dominant group
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Labeling a targeted group as inferior or even less than fully human facilitates .....
genocide
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Indirect transfer
Making life miserable so that people leave "voluntarily"
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direct transfer
when a dominant group expels a minority
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Forced assimilation
Dominant group refuses to allow the minority to practice its religion, language, or to follow it's customs
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permissible assimilation
allows the minority to adopt the dominant group's patterns in its own way and at its own speed.
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Whites make up _______% of the u.s population.
66
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Minorities make up _______% of the U.S Population
32
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___% of the u.s population claim to be two or more races.
1-2
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Minorities tend to be _______ in regions
clustered
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What was the event that best illustrates the racial view of the nation's founders?
The first continental congress of the united states when they passed the Naturalization act of 1790 (only white immigrant could apply for citizenship)
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The WASPs was races against
all other white ethnics
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Who established the culture of early america?
Protestant English immigrants
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Because protestant english immigrants settled the colonies...
they established the culture
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the terms latinos and hispanics refer to ...
ethnic groups (Not race)
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What keeps latin imigrants from getting good jobs?
Language barrier
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The divisions in the diversity of the latinos cause...
and obstacle to political unity
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How many latino U.S senators are there?
three
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What percentage of seats in the U.S house of representatives is latino?
5%
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together, latinos and african americans make up more then _____ of the us population
1/4
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When compared to all latinos, _____ have more background in education
cubans
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What did whites use to strip the political power blacks gained from the civil war?
segregation
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When did blacks gain the right to attend the same schools as whites?
1954
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what percentage of blacks are in the u.s house of representatives?
10 percent
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Half of the blacks income is more than
40,000 a year
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1 in 5 of the blacks income is more than
75,000 a year
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1 in 9 of blacks income is over
100,000 a year
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how many u.s senators are black?
1
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