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Background: Golden Speech
- Elizabeth's last speech addressing Parliament
- talked about having the pleasure to rule England
- dies 1-2 years later
- end of England's "golden ages"
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Elizabeth I (quick review)
- successfully balanced power b/w crown and Parliament
- 1st country (in Europe) to nationalize itself
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Quick Review of England's History
- Parliaments develop in late 13th century
- King John signs Magna Carta (1215); limits king's power w/ taxation
- Hundred Years' War (England vs. France); England loses
- Civil wars (War of the Roses); Tudor family wins
- monarchs gain more power after Henry VIII; Parliament tries to get power back during James' reign
- newly risen gentry (upper-middle class) favored ideas of Protestant Reformation in Switzerland and Germany; viewed Anglicanism as a form of discredited Catholicism by end of Tudor era
- Puritanism=Calvinism in England
- Robert Cecil=chief minister of James; enemy of Puritanism
- Stuart Dynasty legacy=failure to install Absolutism in England; French Bourbon Dynasty was successful
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 1)
James I
- son of Mary Queen of Scots
- succeeds Elizabeth I and rules from 1603-1625
- struggles on matters of taxation and civil liberties
- Impositions: custom duties to provide sources of royal income; introduced to keep up with royal expenditure and reduce royal debt; used to rule w/o Parliament
- House of Lords generally liked James; House of Commons (mostly Puritans) do not like James; believed he had too much power
- concluded a peace treaty w/ Spain (1604); widely considered a sign of Pro-Catholic sentiment
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 2)
James I
- Gunpowder Plot (1605): failed assassination attempt against James; plotted by militant Catholics; causes him to rethink lenient policy on Catholics; intensifies anti-Catholic feelings throughout nation
- Oath of Allegience/Oath of Obedience (1606): systematic effort made to persecute Catholics at every turn from the cradle to the grave; penalized Catholic baptisms, marriages, burials, education, and acquisition of property
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 3)
James I
- Parliament is dissolved in 1610
- Privy Council: select group of "favorite" that goverened England; dilutes Elizabeth's legacy of strong representative government
- summons Parliament in 1614 due to royal shortage; members discuss grievances of king; no bill is passed; meeting is dissolved by James
- requests Parliament to pass new taxes in 1621; Parliament demands recognition of their authority before taxes are passed; James circumvents them by having gentlemen purchase knighthood and impositions
- Great Protestation of 1621: adopted by Parliament; any Englishman of "ancient and undoubted birth right" could debate any topic in Parliament w/o fear of arrest or punishment; torn up by James; Parliament is dissolved
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 4)
James I
- Hampton Court Conference (1604): meeting b/w James I, representatives of Anglican Church, and leading Puritans; James views Puritans as a threat to royal power; grants no concessions except King James Bible
- many Puritans disliked James; emigrated to New England and Virginia
- King James Bible (1611): compromise to satisfy Puritans and Anglicans; one of the most widespread English versions of the Bible; writing was overseen by Richard Bancroft (archbishop of Canterbury)
- Anglicans used Bishop's Bible; Puritans used Geneva Bible; Puritans kept allegiance to Geneva Bible
- religious concern increased when James is slow in dispatching troops to help Protestants in the Thirty Years' War (1618)
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 5)
Charles I and His Reign Over England
- Charles I: son/successor of James; advocated Divine Right
- Parliament has a growing number of Puritans
- Presbyterians: members of the Scottish Calvinist branch of Christianity; started by John Knox
- Puritans: English Calvinists trying to make established Anglican Church more pure through Calvinism; sometimes called the Presbyterian PartyParliament creates the Petition of Right (1628); stated that the king is subject to the law and cannot levy taxes w/o Parliamentary approval; Charles signs it but never limits his power (desperate for money)
- Charles marries Henrietta Maria, devout Catholic
- supported William Laud (part of his Privy Council) in trying to drive Puritans from Anglican Church
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 6)
Charles I and His Reign Over England
- Revolt in Scotland/Bishop's Wars (1638): Charles orders the use of Anglican worship service in Presbyterian churches
- Solemn League and Covenant: agreement b/w Scottish Covenanters and English Parliamentarians; condemned Charles for his claim to absolute power through divine right; signed by thousands of Scots
- Charles doesn't meet w/ Parliament from 1629-1640; uses questionable and illegal methods of obtaining money (ship money; tax on coastal towns)
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 7)
Charles I and His Reign Over England
- Short Parliament: Parliament that met for only 3 weeks in 1640; called by Charles who desperately needed money to suppress the Scottish revolt; members refuse to discuss war and complain about Charles' abuse of power; meeting dissolved
- Star Chamber: English court; used by Charles to imprison his enemies; example of abuse of power
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 8)
Charles I and His Reign Over England
- Charles loses the Bishops' Wars in 1640; forced to recall Parliament when on the brink of bankruptcy
- Long Parliament: Parliament met for long time; could not be dissolved by the king; Triennial Act is passed (ensures that no more than 3 years could pass w/o them being called); Bishop Laud and Earl of Strafford (Thomas Wentworth) are impeached; king is barred from levying taxes w/o Parliamentary approval; Grand Remonstrance is created
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (Background 9)
Charles I and His Reign Over England
- Grand Remonstrance: summarized religious and political grievances against Charles; one cause of the civil war; main writer=John Pym
- Rebellion in Ireland (1641): Charles' Parliamentary opponents refuse to raise an army unless it's under their command
- Charles leaves London w/ some of his Parliamentary supporters and several hundred troops; begins to raise an army while his opponents remain in London
- House of Commons passes the Militia Ordinance; allows Parliament the right to raise an army
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (1)
- civil war breaks out in 1642
- Cavaliers: aristocratic supports of King Charles and supporters of the Anglican Church hierarchy; royalists who controlled the north and the west; drew support from noble families
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (2)
- Oliver Cromwell: fierce Puritan Independent (extreme Puritan); military leader of the Roundheads; led New Model Army and Ironsides to victory in 1649
- New Model Army: financed by Parliament's rich supporters; led by genlemen farmers (gentry); ranks filled with religious zealots; usual cross-section of poor artisans and day laborers
- defeats Leveller and Digger mutinies
- Levellers: led by "freeborn" John Lilburne; emphasized religious toleration, reform of law, free trade, rights guaranteed under written constitution, government answerable to people rather than to king or Parliament; ideas took hold in New Model Army over controversy w/ invasion of ireland; obstacle to Oliver Cromwell's rise to power
- Diggers: called themselves "true levellers"; wanted "levelling of all estates" (abandonment of private property rights); too radical for Levellers who attempted to negotiate a political settlement within the existing social order
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (3)
- Pride's Purge: radical Puritans gain control of revolutionary movement and remove all moderates from the Parliament
- Rump Parliament: English Parliament after Pride's Purge; votes to abolish monarcy, House of Lords, and Anglican Church
- Charles is tried and executed in 1649 as a public criminal
- England begins brief stint as a republic (although it's dominated by Cromwell); defeated Catholics in Scotland and Ireland
- Cromwell dissolves Rump and Barebone Parliaments when opponents rise against him; he becomes Lord Protector of the Commonwealth (Commonwealth=Republic)
- opponents of Cromwell=religious fanatics, Principled Republicans, Monarchists, and Rigid Puritans
- Era known as the Interregnum (1649-1660); General George Monck was initially opposed to monarch; later believes monarchy should be brought back
- England has had enough of Cromwell by 1660 (he died in 1658); Puritans restore monarchy and Anglican Church
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (4)
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
- Charles Stuart (1660-1685): son of Charles I and Henrietta Marie; becomes 1st king of England after the Protectorate era (Oliver Cromwell in power)
- marries Catherine of Braganza
- reign is marked by relaxation of Puritan morality and Parliamentary fears over Charles II restoring Catholicism in England
- attempted to give Catholics legal worship again; stopped by Parliament
- 1661-1665, ultra-royalists in Parliament pass the Clarendon Code to cripple nonconformists' power (Catholics and Puritans); places strict restrictions on Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants (*excluded from church offices*; meetings for nonconformist worship=illegal even in private homes)
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (5)
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
- Treaty of Dover (1670): Charles II aligns with France against the Dutch Republic
- Declaration of Indulgence: suspended all laws against Roman Catholics and non-Anglican Protestants (counteracted the Clarendon Code); tried to make Louis XIV a favorable figure in England
- Parliament refuses to fund war against Dutch until Charles II rescinds Declaration of Indulgence
- Parliament passes Test Act (1673); barred nonconformists from civil and military positions; passed so James II (Charles' brother) couldn't become king; response to Declaration of Indulgence
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (6)
Charles II and the Restoration of the Monarchy
- Popish Plot (1678): alleged plot to kill Charles II and put his brother James (Roman Catholic) on the throne; fabricated story of Jesuit led conspiracy created by Titus Oates; leads to Catholic distrust across the nation
- Charles befriends Louis XIV of France for extra $ so he can rule w/o calling Parliament (1681-1685); executes and tries to drive out members of the Whig Party (opposition party to king) during this time
- converts to Roman Catholicism on deathbed; replaced by younger brother James II
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (7)
James II as Ruler
- James II: last Catholic monarch to inherit throne (1685-1688); attempts religious freedom of worship for Catholics
- maintained standing army in peacetime; allowed Catholics to serve in highly ranked military positions
- Received diplomatic representative of the Holy See (Catholic Church) in his ocurt
- Revised Declaration of Indulgence (1688) to negate effects of laws previous passed to punish "Protestant Dissenters"; permits freedom of worship for Catholics; requires all Anglican clergymen to read the Declaration in their churches
- William Sancroft: Archbishop of Canterbury; refuses to read the Declaration of Indulgence
- Parliament hopes James II's Protestant daughter, Mary II, will replace her father on the throne; Mary II was married to William of Orange, leader of English opposition party to France and Louis XIV
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (8)
James II as Ruler
- William of Orange is invited by Parliament (Whigs) to "invade" England and overthrow James II and his son James "the Old Pretender"James and his son flee to France
- Glorious Revolution (1688): installs William and Mary II as new monarchs of England (bloodless-no fighting)
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English Civil War or Puritan Revolution (9)
England Under Mary II and William of Orange
- Bill of Rights 1689: presented to William and Mary; Parliament secured its rights to assemble regularly and to vote on all matters of taxation; all Protestants, regardless of sectarian bias, are granted toleration; Roman Catholics are forbidden to sit on the throne
- William and Mary II face Jacobite rebellions for the next several years
- Jacobite rebellions: unsuccessful attempts to restore the Catholic House of Stuart (James "the Old Pretender" or Bonnie Prince Charlie "the Young Pretender)
- Queen Mary dies of smallpox (1694); sister Princess Anne becomes queen while William still rules (until 1702)
- Queen Anne's only son dies at 11; King WIlliam has no heir; remaining claimants are Roman Catholic (James "Old Pretender")
- Act of Settlement (1701): English throne passes to ruler of the German state of Hanover (great-grandson of James I)
- Act of Union (1707): Scotalnd merges with England (Queen Anne's last major political move) and becomes Great Britain
- George I
becomes King of Great Britain (1714)
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James I (Overview)
- 1st Stuart
- lenient policy on Catholics
- Gunpowder Plot
- clashed with Parliament
- impositions to be independent form Parliament
- passes ideas of Divine Right to son (Charles I)
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Charles I (Overview)
- biggest Divine Right advocate
- attempted absolutism
- married Catholic (Henrietta Marie)
- involved England in Bishops' Wars
- Star Chamber
- Short and Long Parliaments
- English Civil War
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Oliver Cromwell (Overview)
- Roundhead
- New Model Army (Ironsides)
- Lord Protector of the Commonwealth
- Interregnum (basically ruled England by himself)
- Rump Parliament
- Barebone Parliament
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Charles II (Overview)
- "Restored Monarch"
- private Catholic; officially converts to Catholicism on deathbed
- Treaty of Dover (alignment with France against Dutch)
- Declaration of Indulgence (response to Clarendon Code)
- Test Act (Parliament's response to Declaration of Indulgence)
- Popish Plot
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James II (Overview)
- publicly Catholic
- hates Titus Oates (created widespread Catholic distrust)
- believed Charles II should've been more Catholic
- wants religious freedom for Catholics
- last Catholic monarch
- revised Declaration of Indulgence (1688)
- permits free worship for Catholics
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Struggle for Constitutionalism (review)
- Constutionalism: power shared b/w Parliament and monarchy
- Parliament wins; monarchs are willing to share power (William and Mary)
- British political system becomes model for progressive Europeans (unhappy w/ Absolutism)
- Glorious Revolution of 1688=last revolution within England
- Parliamentary institutions=gradually and peacefully reformed to express more democratic social reality
- same cannot be said for other countries (19th and 20th Centuries)
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English Conclusion
- England experienced a long conflict b/w Parliament and the Stuart monarchs during the 17th century
- following the civil war of the 1640s and execution of charles I, England began an unsuccessful experiment in repubican government
- restoration of 1660 (returned Stuarts to throne through Charles II) didn't provide resolution of political and religious differences b/w king and Parliament
- issues came to a head during reign of James II; resulted in Glorious Revolution of 1688
- revolutionary settlement reaffirmed established Church of England; placed restrictions of power of crown
- Parliament's power increased (during 18th century) as crown's power declined
- British constitutional monarchy became a model that reforms on the continent of Europe wanted to copy
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