PFT2

The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system.

Three primary funtions of the nervous system

The ability of the nervous system sense changes in eithere the internal or external environment

The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produses the appropriate response.

The neuromuscular response to the sensory information

The functional unit of the nervous system

Three main parts of a neuron

responsible for gathering information from other structures back into the neuron

a cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites(muscles or other neurons)

Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord

Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites (muscles, glands)

Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another

Composed of the brain and spinal cord, serves mainly to interpret information

Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body

>connection to activate effector sites
>Provides a constant update on the relation between the body and the environment
>Relay information back to the brain via sensory receptors

Specialized structures that are essentially responsible for sensing distortion in tissues
located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
Include muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors

Are the major sensory organs of the muscles and sit parallel to the muscles fibers.
Sensitive to change in length and rate of change.
Will cause the muscle to contract

Are at the point where the muscle and tendon meet
Are sensitive to changes in muscular tension
Will cause the muscle to relax

Located in and around the joint capsule
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration in the joint

the bodys framework
composed of bones and joints

provides a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs

site where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction

the movable junction where two or more bones meet

flattened or indented portion of bone which can be a muscle attachment site

projection or protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach

Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.

Portion of the skeleton that consists of the upper and lower extremities

Two main functions of the bones

Joint motion

one joint rolls across the surface of another as a bike tire rolls on the street

Femoral condyles moving (rolling) over tibial condyles during a squat is an example.

One joints surface slides across another as a tire skidding on the street.

Tibial condyles moving (sliding) across the femoral condyles during a knee extension

One joint surface rotates on another like twisting the lid off a jar

The head of the radius rotating on the end of the humerous during pronation and supination of the forearm

The primary connective tissue for a joint, made primarily of collagen and elastin, characterized by poor vasculrity (blood supply) and thus do not heal well

Functions of ligaments

>No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement
>example: Structures of the skull

Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue

Example: Knee

No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side to side or back and forth

Example: carpels of the hand

Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane

Example: Knee

Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)

Example: elbow

One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal)

Example: Only carpometacarpal of the thumb

Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion; transverse

Example: Radioulnar

most mobile of the joints; moves in all three planes of motion

Example: shoulder

The device that the nervous system commands to move the skeletal system

Movers and stabilizers of the body

The muscle bundles from outer to innermost

Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force; control the bone and joint. Have poors vascularity thus slower to repair and adapt.

The plasma membrane encasing muscle fibers

Contain myofilaments, actin and myosin, that are the contractile components of muscle tissue

Denotes another sarcomere along the myofibril

Sarcomere

Tropomyosin

Troponin

Methods for muscles to generate force

A motor neuron and the muscle fibers with which it connects (innervates)

Essential for contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation

Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle

The neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system
Once attached stimulates the muscle fibers to go through a series of steps to produce a contraction

Sliding filament theory steps

Type I muscle fibers

Type II muscles

Muscles that act as prime movers

Assist prime movers

Stabilize while prime mover and synergist work

Oppose

Agonists:
Hip extension
Chest Press
Overhead Press
Row
Squat

Synergists:
Hip extension
Chest Press
Overhead Press
Row
Squat

Stabilizers:
Hip Extension
Chest press
overhead press
row
squat

perform the opposite action of the prime mover

Antagonists:
Hip extension
Chest press
Overhead press
Row
Squat