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The combination and interrelation of the nervous, muscular, and skeletal system.
Kinetic chain
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Three primary funtions of the nervous system
- Sensory function
- Integrative function
- Motor function
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The ability of the nervous system sense changes in eithere the internal or external environment
Sensory Function
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The ability of the nervous system to analyze and interpret the sensory information to allow for proper decision making, which produses the appropriate response.
Integrative function
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The neuromuscular response to the sensory information
Motor function
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The functional unit of the nervous system
Neuron
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Three main parts of a neuron
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responsible for gathering information from other structures back into the neuron
Dendrites
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a cylindrical projection from the cell body that transmits nervous impulses to other neurons or effector sites(muscles or other neurons)
Axon
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Transmit nerve impulses from effector sites to the brain or spinal cord
Sensory (afferent) neurons
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Transmit nerve impulses from the brain and spinal cord to effector sites (muscles, glands)
Motor (efferent) Neuron
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Transmits nerve impulses from one neuron to another
Interneuron
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Composed of the brain and spinal cord, serves mainly to interpret information
Central Nervous System
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Cranial and spinal nerves that spread throughout the body
Peripheral nervous system
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>connection to activate effector sites
>Provides a constant update on the relation between the body and the environment
>Relay information back to the brain via sensory receptors
Peripheral Nervous System
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Specialized structures that are essentially responsible for sensing distortion in tissues
located in muscles, tendons, ligaments and joints
Include muscle spindles, golgi tendon organs, and joint receptors
Mechanoreceptors
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Are the major sensory organs of the muscles and sit parallel to the muscles fibers.
Sensitive to change in length and rate of change.
Will cause the muscle to contract
Muscle spindles
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Are at the point where the muscle and tendon meet
Are sensitive to changes in muscular tension
Will cause the muscle to relax
Golgi Tendon organ, GTO
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Located in and around the joint capsule
Receptors that respond to pressure, acceleration and deceleration in the joint
Joint receptors
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the bodys framework
composed of bones and joints
skeletal system
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provides a resting ground for muscles and protection of vital organs
bones
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site where movement occurs as a result of muscle contraction
the movable junction where two or more bones meet
joint
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flattened or indented portion of bone which can be a muscle attachment site
depression
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projection or protruding from the bone where muscles, tendons, and ligaments can attach
Process
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Portion of the skeletal system that consists of the skull, rib cage, and vertebral column.
Axial skeleton
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Portion of the skeleton that consists of the upper and lower extremities
Appendicular skeleton
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Two main functions of the bones
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Joint motion
Arthrokinematics
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one joint rolls across the surface of another as a bike tire rolls on the street
roll joint
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Femoral condyles moving (rolling) over tibial condyles during a squat is an example.
Rolling joint
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One joints surface slides across another as a tire skidding on the street.
Sliding joint
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Tibial condyles moving (sliding) across the femoral condyles during a knee extension
Sliding joing
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One joint surface rotates on another like twisting the lid off a jar
Spinning Joint
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The head of the radius rotating on the end of the humerous during pronation and supination of the forearm
Spinning Joint
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The primary connective tissue for a joint, made primarily of collagen and elastin, characterized by poor vasculrity (blood supply) and thus do not heal well
ligament
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Functions of ligaments
- connects bone to bone
- provides static and dynamic stability
- provides input to the CNS
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>No joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue; little or no movement
>example: Structures of the skull
Nonsynovial Joint
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Produces synovial fluid, has a joint cavity and fibrous connective tissue
Example: Knee
Synovial Joint
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No axis of rotation; moves by sliding side to side or back and forth
Example: carpels of the hand
gliding joint
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Formed by the fitting of condyles of one bone into elliptical cavities of another; moves predominantly in one plane
Example: Knee
Condyloid
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Uniaxial; moves predominantly in one plane of motion (sagittal)
Example: elbow
Hinge Joint
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One bone fits like a saddle on another bone; moves predominantly in two planes (sagittal, frontal)
Example: Only carpometacarpal of the thumb
Saddle joint
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Only one axis; moves predominantly in one plane of motion; transverse
Example: Radioulnar
Pivot joint
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most mobile of the joints; moves in all three planes of motion
Example: shoulder
Ball and socket joint
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The device that the nervous system commands to move the skeletal system
Muscular system
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Movers and stabilizers of the body
Muscles
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The muscle bundles from outer to innermost
- Fascia
- Epimysium
- Fasicle
- Perimesium
- Edomesium
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Connective tissues that attach muscle to bone and provide an anchor for muscles to produce force; control the bone and joint. Have poors vascularity thus slower to repair and adapt.
Tendons
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The plasma membrane encasing muscle fibers
Sarcolema
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Contain myofilaments, actin and myosin, that are the contractile components of muscle tissue
Myofibrils
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Denotes another sarcomere along the myofibril
Z line
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Sarcomere
- Functional unit of muscle
- Like the nueron is for the nervous system
- Produces muscular contraction
- Consists of repeating sections of actin and myosin
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Tropomyosin
- Located on the actin (thin filament)
- blocks myosin binding sites located on the actin filament
- keeps myosin from attaching to actin while the muscle is in a relaxed state
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Troponin
- Also located on the actin filament
- Plays a role in muscle contraction
- Provides binding site for both calcium and tropomyosin
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Methods for muscles to generate force
- Sliding filament theory
- excitation contraction coupling mechanism
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A motor neuron and the muscle fibers with which it connects (innervates)
Motor unit
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Essential for contraction of a muscle generated by neural stimulation
Neural activation
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Chemical messengers that cross synapses to transmit electrical impulses from the nerve to the muscle
Neurotransmitters
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The neurotransmitter used by the neuromuscular system
Once attached stimulates the muscle fibers to go through a series of steps to produce a contraction
Acetylcholine, ACh
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Sliding filament theory steps
- A sarcomere shortens as a result of the Z lines moving closer together
- The Z lines converge as the result of myosin heads attaching to the actin filament asynchronously pulling the actin filament across the myosin
- results in a shortening fo the muscle fiber
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Type I muscle fibers
- slow twitch
- smaller in size
- more capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- Increased oxygen delivery
- often referred to as red fibers
- less force produced
- slow to fatigue
- Long-term contractions(stabilization)
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Type II muscles
- fewer capillaries, mitochondria, and myoglobin
- deceased osygen delivery
- larger in size
- more force produced
- quick to fatigue
- short-term contractions (force and power)
- Fast twitch
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Muscles that act as prime movers
Agonist
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Assist prime movers
Synergist
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Stabilize while prime mover and synergist work
Stabilizer
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Agonists:
Hip extension
Chest Press
Overhead Press
Row
Squat
- Gluteus maximus
- Pectoralis major
- deltoid
- latissimus dorsi
- gluteus maximus, quadriceps
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Synergists:
Hip extension
Chest Press
Overhead Press
Row
Squat
- Hamstring;erector spinae
- anterior deltoid, triceps
- triceps
- posterior deltoid, biceps
- hamstrings
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Stabilizers:
Hip Extension
Chest press
overhead press
row
squat
- transversus abdominous, internal oblique, mutifidus (low back)
- rotator cuff
- rotator cuff
- rotator cuff
- transversus abdominous
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perform the opposite action of the prime mover
antagonist
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Antagonists:
Hip extension
Chest press
Overhead press
Row
Squat
- Psoas
- Posterior deltoid
- latissimus dorsi
- pectoralis major
- Psoas
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