The normal range of respirtations in an adult is ?
12-20 per minute
Apnea ?
temporary absence of breathing
Tachypnea ?
respirations greater then 40 / minute
Orthopena ?
difficulty or inability to breath unless in an upright position
Hyperpnea ?
abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing
Blood pressure is the measurement of ?
amount of pressure exerted during the cardiac cycle
A stethoscope & sphygmomanometer are used for what ?
taking blood pressures
The size of the cuff of the sphygmomanometer depends on ?
the circumference of the limb and not the pt's age
The cuff is positioned at heart level and ?
2.5cm above the antecubital crease
Inflat the cuff about 30mm Hg above the palpatory systolic pressure, deflat slowly at what rate ?
2-3 mm Hg per second
The numbers of a Blood pressure is measured
____ over ____ ?
systolic over diastolic
Name 7 errors in blood pressure measurements
improper cuff size, arm is not at heart level, cuff is not completely deflated before use, deflation of cuff is faster then 2-3mmHg per sec., cuff is re-inflated during the procedure without resting arm for 1-2 min, improper cuff placement, and defective equipment.
Hypertension (HTN) is ?
140/90 or above
Hypotension is ?
90/60 or less
Anthropometric measurements in infants and toddlers are ?
length, height, weight, weight for lenth and head circumference
Anthropometric measurements in adults are ?
Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist to hip ratio, and percentage of body fat
4 principals of physical examination are :
Inspection, palpation, auscultation, and percussion
Palpation is ?
sense of touch
Auscultation is ?
listening to sounds , usually heart, lungs or abdomen
Medical assistant role in the phys. exam is ?
room prep, patient prep, and assisting the physician
Patient position for physical examinations
Horizontal Recumbent Position (supine)
Dorsal Recumbent Position is ?
patient on back with knees bent and feet flat on the bed
The Fowler's Position ?
promote drainage or ease breathing, sometimes a pillow under knees to raise slightly
Dorsal Lithotomy Position ?
usually examination of pelvic, OBGYN appts.
The Sim's Position ?
for rectal exams, pt is lying on their left side with their right knee flexed against abdomen and left knee slightly flexed
The Trendelenburg position ?
pt is lying on back with head lower then trunk, tx shock
3 types of hazards
physical, chemical, and biological
Most effect way to control bleeding
apply direct pressure to the wound
Shock is ?
insufficient return of blood flow to the heart, inadequate supply of O2 to all organs and tissues of the body
Common symptoms of shock are :
Pale, cold, clammy skin
rapid, weak pulse
increased, shallow breathing rate
starring eyes
1st aid for shock
maintain open airway
call for help
keep pt in trendelenburg position
keep pt warm
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR) rate
adult is 30 compressions to 2 breaths = 100 compressions per minute
Infection control, Chain of Infection....in order
Agent, portal of exit, mode of transmission, portal of entry, and susceptible host
Explain each Chain of Infection
Agent: viruses, bacteria, parasites
Portal of exit: method which agent leaves reservoir
Mode of transmission: ways microorganisms travel from reservoir to host
Portal of entry: sites of broken skin, mucous membranes
Susceptible host: person who is not resistant or immune
Medical Asepsis is ?
the destruction of microorganisms after they leave the body
10% bleach solution consists of ?
1 part bleach
9 parts water
Surgical Asepsis ?
ALL pathogens are destroyed
Name 4 methods of sterilization
Gas
Dry heat
Chemical
Steam (autoclave)
The #1 way to prevent the spread of infections ?
hand washing
Hand antisepsis requires the use of _____ to remove or kill microorganisms
antimicrobial soap
PPE's consist of ?
Gloves
Masks
Goggles
Face shields
Gowns
Respirator
Standard precautions is a method to prevent direct contact with ?
blood and body fluids
What is the infection that a pt acquires in the hospital ?
Noscocomial Infection
Droplet precautions means the pt's droplets travel only short distance, how far ?
3 feet or less
The PDR, physicaians desk reference, is for what ?
correct spelling and drug info
po ?
pr ?
sl ?
IV ?
IM ?
by mouth
by rectum
sublingual
intravenous
intramuscular
qd ?
bid ?
tid ?
qid ?
pe ?
qhs ?
prn ?
every day
2 times a day
3 times a day
4 times a day
after meals
each night at bedtime
as needed
The heart is located ?
in the thoracic cavity between lungs behind sternum
endocardium ?
myocardium ?
heart skeleton ?
innermost layer of the heart
middle layer of the heart
4 rings of connective tissue surrounds heart
Pericardium ?
outermost layer of the heart
The right side of the heart pumps ??
deoxygenated blood from the pulmonary vein into the lungs
The left side of the heart ?
pumps oxygenated blood thru the pulmonary artery
The right atrium......
receives deoxygenated blood from the body via superior vena cava
The right ventricle.....
receives deoxygenated blood from right atrium via tricuspid valve, to the pulmonary valve out to the pulmonary artery for oxygenation.
The pulmonary arteries are the ONLY arteries in the body that carry ______ blood
Deoxygenated
The left atrium receives oxgenated blood from the ......
right and left pulmonary veins
The pulmonary veins are the ONLY veins that carry ____ blood
oxygenated
The left ventricle receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it ......
to the body thru the aorta
The largest artery of the body is ?
Aorta
The atrioventricular valves (AV) are located ?
between the atria and ventricles
The tricuspid valve is located ?
between rt atium and rt ventricle
The bicuspid valve, aka mitral valve is located ?
between the lt atrium and lt ventricle
Murmurs are caused by diseases of ?
the valves or other structural abnormalities, the sounds are produced by the closing of the valves
T or F : Edema means there is no accumulation of fluid in the tissue
false
List the correct order of blood draw ?
Blood cultures
Yellow
Light blue
Red
Tigers
Green
Tan
Lavender
White
Royal blue
Navy
Grey
A pt's rights include all of the following EXCEPT ?
right to cure **
right to refuse tx
right to consent to tx
right to privacy
Which of the following is NOT part of the vial signs of body function ?
Temperature
pulse
respiration
weight **
In the axillary method of measuring temp, the temp is taken ?
in the underarm
Which method of sterilization is used for instruments that corrode easily ?
dry heat sterilization
Which of the following is a unit of measure on a standard prescription ?
micrograms
The Q wave if present, is always ?
negative
The 1st electrical implse that is recorded on the ECG paper during a normal cardiac cycle is the ?
P wave
An obese pt sent for blood work, which vein is more likely to be used ?
cephalic vein
Collection devices used in skin punctures are ?
capillary tubes
How far above the site of draw is the tourniquet placed ?
3-4 inches
What is used to chill specimen in transport ?
icy water
The tube of choice for glucose testing is ?
grey
The major parts of a routine urinalysis are :
physical, chemical, and microscopic
The EKG records :
electrical activity of the heart
How many stages are there to Hemostasis ?
6
Several wave forms
complex
Movement away from the heart
wave form
a wave form and a segment
interval
a line between wave forms
segment
Brings blood to the heart from upper body
superior vena cava
receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart via superior vena cava
right atrium
only carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary veins
pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs
right ventricle
located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
tricuspid valve
brings blood to the heart from the lower body
inferior vena cava
located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
bicuspid or mitral valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aortic valve
receives oxygenated blood from the lungs
left atrium
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk
pulmonic valve
only carries deoxygenated blood
pulmonary arteries
pumps blood out of the heart
left ventricle
AV node is located
at the posterior septal wall of the right atrium just above the tricuspid valve
Bundle of His is found at the....
superior portion of the interventricular septum
Purkinje fibers are found within the ....
ventricular endocardium, it consist of a network of small conduction fibers that delivers the electrical impulses to the ventricular myocardium
SA node is found in the ...
upper portion of the right atrial wall just below the opening of the superior vena cava
Bundle branches function is to ....
conduct the electrical impulse to the Purkinje fibers
The first negative deflection that follows the first positive deflection is
S wave
The initial negative deflection
Q wave
A recorded tracing of the heart
lead
A wire that connects the electrode to the cardiac monitor
cable
The 1st positive deflection
R wave
The deflection produced by atrial depolarization
P wave
The deflection seen following the T wave but preceding the next P wave
U wave
A paper, plastic, or metal sensor placed on the pt's skin in a specific location
electrodes
The deflection produced by the ventricle repolarizing