anthro final

a pattern of evolution in which the rate of evolution in one functional system varies from that in other systems. for example:dental system

resembling an early hominid

the investigation of individuals, populations, and communities of ancient organisms and their interactions with and dynamic responses to changing environments.

something made or given shape by man, such as a tool or a work of art, esp an object of archaeological interest

the study of how bones and other materials came to be buried in the erath and presereved as fossils.

the act of associating or the state of being

a dating technique that gives an estimate in actual numbers of years

rocks are characterized by their heavy mineral contents.

the branch of stratigraphy which focuses on correlating and assigning relative ages of rock strata by using the fossil assemblages contained within them.

the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half.

the study of the record of the Earth's magnetic field in rocks. Certain minerals in rocks lock-in a record of the direction and intensity of the magnetic field when they form.

associating with different hominins

thin edged fragment removed from a core

stone reduced from flake removal. a core may or may not itself be used as a tool

stone tools

striking a core or flake with a hammer stone

small stone stools usually produced from narrow blades punched from a core

a method of removing flakes froma core by pressing a pointed implement against the stone

polishes striations and other diagnostic microscopic changes on the edges of stone tools

microscopic silica structures formed in the cells of many plants particularly grasses

during the pliocene in early pleistocene the enviornment all across africa became more arid

isotopes of carbon that are produced in plants in deffering proportions depending environmental conditions.

Of or belonging to the superfamily Hominoidea, which includes apes and humans.

humans and bipedal relatives, orangutans gorillas, bonobos, chimps, and humans

the study of aincent humans

quadropedal brain smaller than hominins, large front teeth.

is the period in the geologic timescale that extends from 5.332 million to 2.588^[2] million years before present.

• This mammoth, found in deposits in Russia, was one of the largest land mammals
• of the Pleistocene, the time period that spanned from 1.8 million to ~10,000
• years ago. Pleistocene biotas were extremely close to modern ones — many genera
• and even species of Pleistocene conifers, mosses, flowering plants, insects, mollusks, birds, mammals, and others survive to this day.

• The Holocene is the name given to the last ~10,000 years of the Earth's history the time since the end of the last major glacial epoch, or "ice age." Since
• then, there have been small-scale climate shifts notably the "Little Ice Age" between about 1200 and 1700 A.D. but in general, the Holocene has been a
• relatively warm period in between ice ages.

long pelvis, some forms capable of considerable arm swinging, suspensory locomotion

having two feet, any animal with only two feet.

The human foot evolved to act as a platform, Modern human hip joints are larger, Human knee joints are enlarged, An increase in leg length, The human skull is balanced on the vertebral column, shortened pelvis, showing smaller body size and long arms relative to legs, long fingers and toes probably capable of climbing

The quality or condition of being homologous.

a large opening in the occipital bone

"S-curve" of the lower spine that allows hominids their characteristic upright bipedality

an anatomical structure found in humans (see human pelvis) or in animals. It contains a large compound bone structure at the base of the spine, which is connected with the legs or rear limbs.

• a shallow depression in the posterior surface of the humerus that receives the olecranon
• of the ulna when the forearm is extended.

what humans can do

the bone in the leg that extends from the hip to the knee. The femur constitutes the upper leg, that part of the leg above the knee. As compared to the lower leg which boasts two bones (the tibia and the fibula), the upper leg has only one bone, the femur, but a very large bone it is, the largest in the human body.

The Longitudinal arch of the foot can be broken down into several smaller arches:The main arches are the antero-posterior arches, which may, for descriptive purposes, be regarded as divisible into two types—a medial and a lateral

belonging to homosapiens

The chest is conical in shape, being small above and large below. Gorillas have funnel shape bodies like gorillas cuz they eat plants

homoerectus , means they eat meat

plural of cranium

• Situated behind the cranium. Consisting of the parts or structures behind the
• cranium

a unicuspid first lower premolar with a shearing edge.

changes in hominid dentittions are linked to feeding behaviour, or to the manufacture and use of tools.

a term used to describe the positional relationship of the mandible and/or maxilla to the skeletal base where either of the jaws protrudes beyond a predetermined imaginary line in the coronal plane of the skull.

a ridge of bone running lengthwise along the midline of the top of the skull (at the sagittal suture) of many mammalian and reptilian skulls, among others.

a Danish pioneer in both anatomy and geology. Already in 1659 he decided not to accept anything simply written in a book, instead resolving to do research himself. He is considered the father of geology and stratigraphy. Steno was beatified by Pope John Paul II in 1987.

a projection, or projecting structure or ridge, especially one surmounting a bone or its border.

or brow ridge, refer to a bony ridge located above the eye sockets of all primates

the internal cast of a hollow object, often specifically used for an endocasts of the cranial vault

the amount of brain mass exceeding that related to an animal's total body mass

A cusp is a hard eminence on a tooth that emerges from the surface of which the tooth bites.

one of the muscles of mastication. A thick, somewhat quadrilateral muscle, consisting of two parts, superficial and deep. The fibers of the two portions are continuous at their insertion

one of the muscles of mastication. It arises from the temporal fossa and the deep part of temporal fascia. It passes medial to the zygomatic arch and inserts onto the coronoid process of the mandible

the tool kit of our hominid ancestor Australopithecus africanus.

Olduvai and rift valley main sites,

most important site is Taung,sterkfontein site, Swartkrans and Malapa, it has layers of accumulated limestone, and it is more difficult to locate fossils then in the east side

part of the Middle Awash, northern Ethiopia and East Africa, the skeleton Ardi, a girl, was found here, 4.4 million years old has 50 % of the skeleton, found by Tim white

an African site in Chad, the oldest and earliest hominin pre-australopiths cranium, called Sahelanthropus dating approx 6mya or older.

where Lucy was discovered in 1974, and is part of the Middle Awash, northern Ethiopia and East Africa, where australopithecus afarensis come from.

located on the eastern branch of the Great Rift Valley of Africa in Tanzania, discovered by Mary Leakey. more then 150 species have been discovered there. Zinjanthropus cranium was discovered there in 1959

the site where Raymond Dart found a childs skull, half human half ape from Taung S Africa

one of the important sites of south africa, 2008 two partial skeletons were found in malapa cave miles from here

in Kenya E africa, where the first paranthropus was found, a complete skull names "Black Skull" dates 2.5 mya

is int south africs, Ron clarke and Phillip tobias found a foot that the large tow was divergent meaning that this hominin wasnt fully bipedal because it could climb trees.

near Olduvai Gorge and in Tanzania, this site has provided well preserved hominin footprints. australopithecus afarensis come from

the most recent groups of erectus fossils from Java come from here.14 individuals have been found and are only 25000-50000 years old

part of east africa where early hominin sites are located,

found a childs skull in Taung in 1924 classified as Australopithecus africanus

1938, he found the first robust australopithecine skull at Kromdraai after a schoolboy discovered some teeth at the site. Further finds followed, but it was not until Broom published a major monograph on the australopithecines in 1946 and the influential British scientist W. E. Le Gros Clark examined the fossils in 1947 that most scientists finally accepted that the australopithecines were hominids

1931 made his first trip to Olduvai, he names the fossil remains found in Olduvai and Turkana homo habilis. 1960 he found a skull dated 1.4mya cc1067cm largest out of all H. erectus

discovered Zinjanthropus cranium at Olduvai George in 1959 she worked in Olduvai from 1935-1984

his team discovered the most complete H. erectus skeleton of an 8yr old WT15000, his cc was 880cm

found Kenyanthropus platyops in Kenya 1995

discovery of the skeleton of the female hominid australopithecine known as "Lucy", in the Afar Triangle region of Hadar, Ethiopia.

discovererd Ardi (ardipithecus)in 2009, brain 300-350 cc

found Orrorin Tugenesis in Kenya.

in 2002 announced the discovery. Brunet announced the discovery in Central Africa of the skull and jaw remains of a late Miocene hominid nicknamed Toumaï

brain case is small not bigger then a chimp 320-380 cc, oldest potential homini but not sure, found in Toros-Menella C AFrica 7.0-6.0mya

is the preaustralopith recognized as a hominin, 6.0 mya, found in Tugen Hills, E Africa. first hominin with post cranial remains: possibly bipedal. found by Bridget Senut and Martin Pickford in 2001

found by time white 1998 in Ethiopia basil with large canines they walked and could stand 5.8 mya

4.4mya, in E Africa, found in Aramis site, derived bipedal. Found by Tim White 1995. blunted teeth, derived meta-tarsals, phalanges had some flex.

3.9mya found by Meave Leakey in 1995 in Kenya . long crania,long face, prognathism strong, foramen magnum vertical, blunted teeth and moderate enamel thickness

earliest australopiths 4.2-3.0 mya from E africa.bipedal but with a large canine , and a sharp lower first premolar found by Meave Leakey

male 99lb female 64lb, male 59in female 41 in.

2.5 mya, Tim White 1996 in Kenya, Ghari comes from East Africa. long face, prognathism strong, foramen magnum vertical, blunted teeth and moderate enamel thickness.

m-90lb f-65lb m-54in f-45in, first known as gracile, because they are slender

2.7 mya found by Richard Leakey 1985 in Tanzania. massive molarized teeth, blunted teeth and strong enamel thickness, sunken nasal area.

m-108lb f-75lb m-54in f-49in

m-88lb f-70lb m-52in f-43in big and massive

• Eastern African species: Homo rudolfensis came in 1993 when
• scientists found a mandible that was less robust and with smaller cheek teeth
• than is the case amongst australopithecines. placed under the classification of
• Homo, rudolfensis stood as a contemporary of Homo habilis.
• Homo rudolfensis had a flatter, broader face and broader postcanine
• teeth, with more complex crowns and roots, and thicker enamel.
• Rudolfensis is also recognized as having a larger cranium.

m-114lb f-70lb m-62in f-49in . refers to those early homo fossils from Olduvai and Turkana Basin , their cranial capacity was 631 cm

Sahelanthropus tchadensis from chad is the oldest basal hominid 7mya

• slender small bodied, later called Australopithecus africanus from South Africa. Their faces are generally large and prognathic, reducing as you move through
• time towards a flatter more human-like condition. Similarly, their posterior
• teeth (molars) are big, generally reducing through time, while the tooth enamel
• thickness increases through time in the lineage. Theye eat more meat

massive, they more plants like gorillas

• 2.0 -1.4mya Homo Habilis (discoverd olduvai gorge)
• handyman, larger brain may have lead to homo sapiens
• live at same time as late austra.
• evolved into one or more species

site in England,found a partial skull but shows brain expansion 300,000-259,000 ya

site in France, Neandertal, is the most famour neandertal discovery led to false interpretastions of primitive bent over creature

site in China, they found a nearly complete skull best evidence of a heidelbergensis in Asia 230,000-180,000ya

they struck the core to create flakes till there was no core, then they put all the flakes togehter and mold them into tools.

site in Iraq, several well preserved skeletons, one individual with multiple injuries 70,000-60,000ya

site in Israel, Neandertal, best evidence of early Neandertal morphology in SW Asia

site in Uzbekistan 1938 Alexei Okladnikov found a neandertal

the bump in the back of the occipital

drive big animals off cliff as a hunting method

trapping the animals

hunting in an open space with bow and arrows

the bone over the socket of the eye where the eyebrow is

is a thickening of bone on part or all of the midline of the frontal, or parietals where they meet along the sagittal suture

when the maxilla and mandible dont meet like an underbite or over bite

the slope of the forehead

when the cranium expands

the postition of the body in a bent orientation with arms and legs drawn up to the chest

goods like beads, stone tools, animal bones that are buried with the dead

The Larynx is in one's neck. It's usually referred to as the "Adam's Apple" in males since it develops more. If you rub your hand down your neck, it's the first big bump - sort of shaped like a triangle.

• At the other end (more specifically, in the superior posterior temporal lobe),
• lies Wernicke's area, which is associated with the processing
• of words that we hear being spoken, or language inputs

• Broca's area, which is usually associated with the production
• of language, or language outputs, inputted in the frontal lobe.

light skinned and red heads, and their DNA is 99.84 % like ours

an evolutionary grouping of organisms showing a similar adaptive pattern

Kamoya Kimeu discovered a small piece of skull here, this is a site west side of Lake Turkana. The most complete H. erectus skeleton ever found dated 1.6mya. The skeleton is of an 8yr old 5'3 tall

a projection of bone in the back of the cranium where neck muscles attach, these muscles hold up the head

the age of this site dates 1.81 mya the Dmanisi crania are similar to the erectus, they have long low brain case, wide base. but they are also diff from other Africa hominins because they have a thinner browridge a lower face n large upper canine.cc 600 cm, recent find in 2002 a almost complete cranium of an adult male with only one tooth

in 1891 he found a skullcap cc900cm in the neighboring island Java of Indonesia along the solo river near town of Trinil, this was recognized as the first recognized human ancestor, following year he found a femur and it belonged to the skullcap

where Dubois found the skullcap

the epoch of the Cenozoic from 1.8mya until 10,000 ya. Frequently referred to as the Ice Age, this epoch is associated with continental glaciations in northern latitudes. Most of the fossils belong to early and middle Pleistocene and are between 1.6 and 1 mya

was a site in Beijing where Chinese used mammal bones as dragon bones for medicine.in 1929 a fossil skull was discovered. It has the largest collection of erectus including 14 skull caps

Choppers are stone cores with flakes removed from part of the surface, creating a sharpened edge that was used for cutting, chopping, and scraping

zhoukoudian tools called flint point, chinese tools

zhoukoudian tools flint awl, chinese tools

zhoukoudian tools graver or burin, chinese tools

acheulian biface also known as a hand axe.

homo erectus first to leave Africa

where homo erectus was found. Two great findings were nearly complete skull 1.7mys, oldest H. erectus cc 848cm, then the smallest cranium 1.5mya h. erectus cc 691cm

had the site Nariokotome where nearly complete skeleton was found dated 1.6mya

Bouri Peninsula, Ethiopia , evidence for meat and marrow by early hominins dated back 2.5 mya

this site is dated 850,000-780,000 ya

in Spain, in the Sima del Elefante cave was discovered the oldest hominin found in western europe 1.2mya

site in Atapuerca, Spain. H. heidelbergensis( early Neandertal) very early evidence of neandertal ancestry 600,000-400,000ya

a site in central Italy a well preserved cranium, must be the best evidence of an erectus in Europe 900,000 -800,000 ya

suggested that the name homo ergaster be used for African remains and that erectus

did the multi regional model

Here we report the discovery of a new late Lower Pleistocene site named Vallparadís (Barcelona, Spain) that produced a rich archeological and paleontological sequence dated from the upper boundary of the Jaramillo subchron to the early Middle Pleistocene.

the portion of the Pleistocene epoch beginning 780,000ya -125,000

is a cultural period showing innovations in technology, development of more sophisticated art, and very elaborate burials rich in grave goods.

climatic intervals when continental ice sheets cover much of the northern continents

climatic intervals when continental ice sheets retrieve, eventually becoming small

small flake tools , 2.5mya homo habilis n sapiens used

tools that were flaked on both sides, erectus used them and were common in Africa southwest adsia and western europe

this industry is characterized by larger proportion of flake tools that is found in acheulian tool kits

an industry in Spain, they contain blade tools and are associated with neandertals. 1 stone core= more tools: simple point,complex point, knife, bone needle.

the upper Paliolithic stone tool, industry in Europe. Associated with the Cro-Magnon

the upper Paliolithic stone tool, industry in Europe

site in Broken Hill, Zambia. homo hiedelbergensis, transitional looking fossil

site in France, Europe. They found H. sapiens , good example of early modern humans in France 30,000 ya

site in Israel SW Asian H. sapiens, earliest well dated modern human outside Africa 115,000 ya

site in Israel, SW Asia , they found homo sapiens, this site shows considerable variation. 110,000ya

site in Ethiopia , found homo sapiens, the oldest modern human found anywhere. 195,000ya

site in Ethiopia, Africa they found H. Sapiens Idaltu and is best preserved and best dated early modern human from any where. 160,000-154,000 ya

site in S. Africa , Richard Klein found floresiensis in 1970

site in S Africa, Richard Klein found sapien in 1970

made my Milfred Wolpoff, believes in basals->gracile autralopiths->homo habilis-> robust autralopiths the H. sapiens grade 1-4

basals->gracile->habilis->erectus->robust->heidelbergensis->sapiens sapiens-> sapiens neandertals by gunter brauer

basals->gracile->habilis->erectus->robust->h. heidelbergensis->sapiens->neandertals by chris stringer

did the complete replacement model,

made the partial replacement model

the DNA passed on by the mother, traces back to Eve

the DNA passed on by the father traces back to Adam

site in Australia , Alan Thorne found a sapien in 1967.

lived on hilltops to protect themselves from predators, so they could have an oversight of everything

hominins that used caves as shelters for warmth

used in open hunting 40kyaspear-thrower is a tool that uses leverage to achieve greater velocity in dart-throwing.

pole weapon consisting of a shaft, usually of wood, with a pointed head. The head may be simply the sharpened end of the shaft itself

was used for open hunting.A bow is a flexible arc that shoots aerodynamic projectiles by means of elastic energy. Essentially, the bow is a form of spring powered by a string or cord. As this string is drawn, energy is stored in the flexible limbs of the bow; the energy is transferred to the arrow when the string is released, projecting it much farther than a weapon could be thrown.

scientific importance-forensics, genetic couseling,disease prevention,pharmacology ->genetics:haplogroups and osteology->facial features, long bones, pelvis

settling in different continents

Homo georgicus is a species of Homo that was suggested in 2002 to describe fossil skulls and jaws found inDmanisi, Georgia in 1999 and 2001, which seem intermediate between Homo habilis and H. erectus

african representative of the homo erectus. is an extinct chronospecies of Homo that lived in eastern and southern Africa during the earlyPleistocene, about 2.5–1.7 million years ago.

1.7 mya, are asians, weighed 100+ and were 5'6in. , Post crania- foramen -verticle, spine:s shape, thorax:barrel, arm:short, hands: true opposable, pelvis: square mixed, legs:long, knees:locking, feet:tripod arch. Crania- 700-1250 cc, post orbital construct-moderate, forehead slope- moderate, temp-parietal- moderate, cranial base flexion-moderate, facial prognathism- moderate, vault lateral profile-egg long, low,vault posterior profile: pentagon dentition-

fossils found in Atapuerca, Spain. dating from 1.2 million to 800,000 years ago, that was discovered by Eudald Carbonell, Juan Luis Arsuaga and J. M. Bermúdez de Castro. H. antecessor is one of the earliest known human varieties in Europe.

crania- brain size 1200cc, post orbital-minor, forhead slope-moderate strong, temp parietal-strong, cranial base flexion strong,vault lateral-egg long low, vault position profile-rounded,facial prognathism-moderate minor. dentition- enamel :thick, dental arcade: v, tooth pattern: omnivore, tooth orientation: verticle , space: anterior<posterior , molar cusps: blunt, canines:blunt, premolars:squared

Crania- 1500cc, forhead slope:strong, facial prognathism: moderate, nasal area: strong bridge/spine (p) sinus expansion (D), facial lenghts: very strong, cranial-base flexion: strong, vault lateral profile: egg long low Dentition- enamel:thick, dental arcade: v-shaped, toot pattern: omnivore, tooth orientation: vertical, space: anterior<porsterior, molar cusps: bunt, canines: blunt , premolars: squared, tooth size: small Post crania-everything like sapien except no chin thicker jaws , thicker bones and stronger,

they were a smaller version of the erectus and their brains were smaller but they were three times smarter then any other human Crania- moderate prognathism, no chin,300cc, long/low cranial vault egg.

Post crania: foramen magnum: vertical, spine: s-shaped, thorax: barrel, arms: short, hands: true opposable, pelvis: square;sexual dimporphism: 100%, legs: long, knees:locking, feet: tripod arch, height: 5'6-5'10 , weight: 180lbs, bone cortices :thin Dentition - enamel:thick , dental arcade: v-shaped, toot pattern- omnivore, tooth orientation-vertical, space: anterior<posterior,molar cusps: blunt, canines: blunt, premolars-squared , tooth size:small Crania - 1100-2000cc forehead slope-strong, nasal area-bridge /spine,facial prognathism: minor , vault lateral profile: globular

when ethnicity comes first then it goes into race n its later on affected by ancestry

The elementary process of evolution is considered to be the changes in the frequency of occurrence of alleles in a population. Mutation, which causes the appearance of new alleles or changes the relative frequency of already existing alleles, is one important mechanism by which evolution occurs.

hunting animals with their tools

gathering like fruits and plants

finding the animals dead , not hunting them but just looking for animals that have been killed by other animals

seasons where they went hunting