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abomasal displacement (right)
disease of newly calved cows in which abomasum assumes abnormal position resulting in abdominal distension and loss of appetite
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abomasopexy
fixation of the abomasum by suturing to ventral abdominal wall; used to prevent recurrence of abomasal displacement
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abortion
termination and expulsion on fetus before completion of normal gestation
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ad libitum
at pleasure: used to indicate feeding or supplying water on a free-choice basis
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afterbirth
placental membranes that surround fetus during gestation; usually expelled from uterus directly after parturition
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antibiotic
substance that kills bacteria or prevents their growth
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artificial insemination
act of introducting semen into female's genital tract by use of mechanical methods
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bacterin
preparation administered to develop immunity against bacterial diseases
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balling gun
mechanical device, either metal or plastic, used to pill large animals
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barrel
circumference of abdominal region; used as indication of feed capacity
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bloat
accumulation of gas in rumen of cattle; excess gas is removed by stomach tubing or puncturing abdomen and rumen with trocar and cannula
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body capacity
heart girth and barrel; large heart girth means larger heart and lung and greater feed capacity
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bolus
ball or food or large pill
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bovine viral diarrhea (BVD)
infectious disease of young cattle causing profuse diarrhea
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brand
method of permanently identifying animal by scarring skin on rump; usually performed using hot irons or chemicals
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bred
animal that has been mated and is pregnant; also called "with calf"
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breed
group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when bred to each other will produce progeny with same characteristics
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brucellosis
contagious disease of bovine causing abortion late in pregnancy
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bull
mature male bovine, usually used for breeding
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butterfat
fat content of whole milk; rises to top of milk that has not been homogenized
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calf
young bovine, either male or female, usually under 1 year of age
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California mastitis test
test for bovine mastitis; measures number of somatic cells and leukocytes
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campylobacteriosis
bacterial disease of cattle causing abortion and infertility; also called vibriosis
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carcass
after slaughter, dressed (head, blood, hide and offal removed) body of beef animal
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casein
milk protein often used in purified diets
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castrate
to remove testicles from male animal
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cattle
two or more members of genus Bos, regardless of sex or age
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chute
mechanical device used to restrain cattle or make handling easier (as in squeeze chute)
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chronic
condition of long duration
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cistern
collecting basin in udder where milk is secreted before entering teat and being expressed
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close breeding
practice of breeding son to dam, sire to daughter (inbreeding)
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Clostridium
genus of spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria; can cause tetanus, black-leg and entereotoxemia in cattle
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cod
remnants of scrotum of steer; usually filled with fat
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colostrum
first thick, yellowish milklike substance producted by female immediately after parturition; high in protein and antibodies
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concentrate
feed that is high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) and low in fiber and moisture content
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conformation
overall shape and body type (form) of bovine
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corium
specialized cells that form horns of cattle
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cow
mature female bovine that has given birth and is lactating
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cow hocked
animal whose hocks turn in and rub together, reducing udder capacity
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creep feed
high-energy feed given to calves by means of special feeding panels that allow access to calves but not to adult animals
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crest
caudal region of neck; most prominent on mature male bovine
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crossbred
offspring resulting from mating of two different breeds within same species
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cud
bolus of regurgitated food from stomach (rumen) of bovine
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cull
animal that is usually removed from herd because it does not meet standards of overall herd; unproductive animal
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dam
female bovine who is mother of calf
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dehorn
mechanical removal of horn buttons or horns of bovine
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dewlap
loose skin that covers brisket and portion of neck; mosre prominent on dairy and certain beef cattle
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DHIA
Dairy Herd Improvement Association
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dressing percentage
percentage dressed weight of animal is to live weight
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dry
cow that is not lactating; usually last 60 days of gestation in dairy cows
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dual-purpose
dairy and beef cattle that are bred and used for both milk and meat production
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dystocia
difficult or labored parturition
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ear tagging
placement of tag in ear for identification purposes
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extoparasites
parasites that inhabit external body surfaces
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E. coli
normal inhabitant of intestinal flora; pathogenic form causes epidemic diarrhea in newborn calves
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elastrator
bloodless castration device using small bands
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emasculatome
bloodless castration device that crushes spermatic cord without breaking skin (also called a Burdizzo)
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emasculator
surgical castration instrument that both crushes and cuts spermatic cord
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estrous cycle
recurrent set of physiologic and behavioral changes that take place in female animal from one estrus period to next
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estrus
stage of estrous cycle in which female is receptive to male (heat)
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feeder
beef cattle old and heavy enough to be placed in feed lot to improve carcass quality and yield
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fertile
able to reproduce at regular intervals
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finishing
feeding beef cattle high-quality feed before slaughter to increase carcass quality and yield
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foot rot
bacterial disease characterized by inflammation of interdigital tissue and heel of hoof; also called pododermatitis
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freemartin
heifer calf born twin to bull; usually sterile
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free-stall
open stall system of rearing beef cattle
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freshen
beginning of lactating cycle immediatly after parturition
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gestation
period between conception and parturition
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globule
fat particles that make up butterfat component of milk
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heart girth
circumference around thoracic cavity; measurement of heart and lung capacity; also used as indicator of animal's weight
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heat (estrus)
period of sexual acceptance; female usually stands for service
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heifer
female bovine that is old enough to breed but has not yet calved
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hobble
device placed on caudal aspect of hocks to restrain hind legs of cow and prevent her from kicking while being milked
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hormones
substances produced by ductless glands that have physiologic effect on animal
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hybrid
progeny resulting from mating two different species
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hybrid vigor
increase in vitality resulting from mating of unrelated animals; hybrid offspring usually perform better than either parent
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icterus
presence of bile pigments; jaundice
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impaction
overfilling and plugging of stomach with feed that is exceptionally dry
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inbreeding
mating together of closely related animals
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infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)
highly contagious repiratory disease of cattle; more prevalent in cattle that are crowded together in feedlots
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ingest
to eat or take in through mouth
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ketosis
disease characterized by accumulation of ketones in blood and tissue; cow has sweet-smelling breath and urine; also called acetonemia
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lactation
period of time cow is producing milk
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leptospirosis
acute infectious disease that causes abortion storms and subacute febrile illness
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lymphosarcoma
most common malignant lumphoid tumor found in cattle; also called bovine leukosis
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mammary (milk) veins
found on ventral underline of cow; carry blood away from udder
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marbling
streaks or lines of fat that are interdispersed throughout lean meat; makes meat tender and juicy
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mastitis
infectious and contagious inflammation of mammary gland (udder)
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milk fever
paralytic disease following parturition associated with lack of calcium in blood
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milk solids
components of milk after all water is removed
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milk well
depression of female bovine's ventral underline where milk veins enter body
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monogastric
having a simple stomach
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nurse cow
cow whose purpose is to nurse multiple calves in addition to its own
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nutrient
substance that nourishes body
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offal
visceral organs and associated tissues removed from carcass of slaughtered animal
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oxytocin
hormone produced by pituitary gland; responsible for milk letdown and uterine contractions
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palatability
relative acceptance of feeds by animals
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palpation
using sense of touch to examine animal
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parturition
process of calving
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passive immunity
transfer of antibodies produced by one animal and given to another; immunity produced is passive and temporary
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pasteurize
process of heating milk to kill pathogenic organisms
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pedigree
written record of animal's ancestral background
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pinkeye
contagious disease of cattle caused by Moraxella bovis; characterized by conjuctivitis, lacrimation, and corneal ulceration and opacity
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poll
top of head between ears
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polled
genetically or naturally hornless
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polyestrous
having more than one estrous cycle per year
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prolopsed vagina
protrusion of vagina resulting from pressure of developing fetus or other cause
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proved
refers to an animal whose ability to transmit traits is known and predictable
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puberty
age at which reproductive organs become functional
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purebred
offspring of two purebred parents; can be registered by breed association
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quarter
term used to specify a particular gland of cow's udder, such as left front quarter or left hind quarter
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range
open area of grazing land where beef cattle harvest natural feed
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ration
amount of food animal eats in 24-hour period
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rectal palpation
method of pregnancy determination in cattle; using rubber or plastic sleeve, hand is inserted into rectum to feel fetus or its associated structures
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relacement
animals that are raised from birth for addition to herd: superior animals are selected and retained for breeding purposes
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ringworm
fungal infection of skin and hair; characterized by thick, round, gray crusted patches over skin surface; hair that is in infected areas fall out or breaks off
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rotavirus and corona virus
viruses that cause diarrhea in young calves
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roughage
feedstuffs that are high in fiber and low in total digestible nutrients (TDN); examples include hay and silage
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rumen
first or large comparment of stomach of ruminant animals; also called fermentation vat
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rumenotomy
surgical incision into the rumen, most often done to remove hardware (nails, wire, etc.) from the reticulum
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ruminant
cud-chewing animal with four-compartment stomach
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rumination
process of regurgitating food (bolus) from rumen for remastication
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scours
profuse diarrhea, most commonly seen in young calves
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scurs
underdeveloped horns that are not attached to skull surface
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service
process of breeding cattle
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silage
cattle feed (roughage) produced by fermenting chopped whole corn plants or mixed pasture grasses
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sire
male bovine that is capable of breeding and producing offspring; paternal parent of animal
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skim milk
whole milk that has had butterfat removed
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spotter bull
vasectomized bull used to seek out and mark females that are in estrus
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springing
anatomic changes that indicate that parturition is near
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squeeze chute
restraint device used to effectively restrain cattle so that procedures can be performed
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stag
male bovine castrated after sexual maturity
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stanchion
restraint device that secures cattle around neck
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standing heat
cow or heifer in estrus that will stand to be mounted by bull or another female
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steer
male bovine castrated at young age
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strip cup
metal cup with a black or screened lid; used for detecting mastitis
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supernumerary teats
those in excess of regular number of four teats
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supplement
use of additional high-protein feeds to help improve and balance poorer ration, such as pasture
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switch
distal part of bovine tail, consisting of long, coarse hairs
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tattoo
permanent means of identification of cattle; indelible ink is injected under skin using system of numbers or letters
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teaser
male bovine that is used to seek out females that are in estrus; male is usually vasectomized
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traumatic reticulitis
caused by perforation of reticulum wall by sharp foreign object such as nail, screw, or baling wire; also called hardware disease
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trocar and cannula
instrument used to puncture abdomen and rumen to relieve bloat
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udder
organ of milk production of cow; made up of two mammary glands and four teats
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vaccine
preparation administered to develop immunity against viral diseases
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vasectomized
rendered sterile by removal of portion of cas deferens (in male); vasectomized animal still exhibits libido
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veal
young dairy calf, under 12 weeks of age, kept in dark and fed only milk or milk replacer; used to produce pale, soft and tender carcass
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warts
caused by viruses, multiple papillomas are located usually on head, neck, shoulders, and back, also called papillomatosis
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wean
removal of calf from cow so it can no longer nurse
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white muscle disease
disease of young calves caused by selenium and vitamin E deficiency; usually result of selenuim-deficient diet fed to cow or heifer during or before gestation
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whole milk
milk as it is secreted from udder of cow, without anything removed
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yearling
animal that is approximately 1 year old
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Aurochs
ancestor of cattle, extict as of 400 years ago. 6 feet at withers
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Bos taurus
domestic cattle
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Mavericks
wild cattle that haven't been branded and never been gathered
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Dogie
a calf with no mother
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Ungulate
mammal with hooves
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weaning: dairy and beef
- dairy 4-7 weeks
- beef 7 months
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pros and cons of natural breeding
- less labor involved
- must own bull
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advantages of AI
genetic improvement, rapid proof of sire, availability of sires, danger of bull removed, disease reduction, crossbreeding, improved management
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Beef Breeds
- Angus: Scotland
- Hereford: both horned and polled
- Red Poll: dark to light red
- Shorthorn: horned or polled
- Texas Longhorn: Spanish, feral for 300 years
- Brahman: American breed, humped
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Dairy Breeds
- Holstein: black and white, most pounds of milk, 9 out of 10 dairy cows
- Jersey: smallest, 2nd most popular, highest butterfat
- Brown Swiss: white to brown, most resilient
- Guernsey: less feed per pound of milk
- Ayrshire: both milk and dairy
- Milking Shorthorn: most versatile, meat and dairy
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Bovine estrous cycle
21 days. Estrus: 6-24 hours, ovulation 24-32 hours after estrus
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