19.1 Cattle industry

disease of newly calved cows in which abomasum assumes abnormal position resulting in abdominal distension and loss of appetite

fixation of the abomasum by suturing to ventral abdominal wall; used to prevent recurrence of abomasal displacement

termination and expulsion on fetus before completion of normal gestation

at pleasure: used to indicate feeding or supplying water on a free-choice basis

placental membranes that surround fetus during gestation; usually expelled from uterus directly after parturition

loss of hair

substance that kills bacteria or prevents their growth

act of introducting semen into female's genital tract by use of mechanical methods

preparation administered to develop immunity against bacterial diseases

mechanical device, either metal or plastic, used to pill large animals

circumference of abdominal region; used as indication of feed capacity

accumulation of gas in rumen of cattle; excess gas is removed by stomach tubing or puncturing abdomen and rumen with trocar and cannula

heart girth and barrel; large heart girth means larger heart and lung and greater feed capacity

ball or food or large pill

infectious disease of young cattle causing profuse diarrhea

method of permanently identifying animal by scarring skin on rump; usually performed using hot irons or chemicals

animal that has been mated and is pregnant; also called "with calf"

group of animals that are genetically similar in color and conformation so that when bred to each other will produce progeny with same characteristics

contagious disease of bovine causing abortion late in pregnancy

mature male bovine, usually used for breeding

fat content of whole milk; rises to top of milk that has not been homogenized

young bovine, either male or female, usually under 1 year of age

test for bovine mastitis; measures number of somatic cells and leukocytes

bacterial disease of cattle causing abortion and infertility; also called vibriosis

after slaughter, dressed (head, blood, hide and offal removed) body of beef animal

milk protein often used in purified diets

to remove testicles from male animal

two or more members of genus Bos, regardless of sex or age

mechanical device used to restrain cattle or make handling easier (as in squeeze chute)

condition of long duration

collecting basin in udder where milk is secreted before entering teat and being expressed

practice of breeding son to dam, sire to daughter (inbreeding)

genus of spore-forming, anaerobic bacteria; can cause tetanus, black-leg and entereotoxemia in cattle

remnants of scrotum of steer; usually filled with fat

first thick, yellowish milklike substance producted by female immediately after parturition; high in protein and antibodies

feed that is high in total digestible nutrients (TDN) and low in fiber and moisture content

overall shape and body type (form) of bovine

act of mating

specialized cells that form horns of cattle

mature female bovine that has given birth and is lactating

animal whose hocks turn in and rub together, reducing udder capacity

high-energy feed given to calves by means of special feeding panels that allow access to calves but not to adult animals

caudal region of neck; most prominent on mature male bovine

offspring resulting from mating of two different breeds within same species

bolus of regurgitated food from stomach (rumen) of bovine

animal that is usually removed from herd because it does not meet standards of overall herd; unproductive animal

female bovine who is mother of calf

mechanical removal of horn buttons or horns of bovine

loose skin that covers brisket and portion of neck; mosre prominent on dairy and certain beef cattle

Dairy Herd Improvement Association

percentage dressed weight of animal is to live weight

cow that is not lactating; usually last 60 days of gestation in dairy cows

dairy and beef cattle that are bred and used for both milk and meat production

difficult or labored parturition

placement of tag in ear for identification purposes

parasites that inhabit external body surfaces

normal inhabitant of intestinal flora; pathogenic form causes epidemic diarrhea in newborn calves

bloodless castration device using small bands

bloodless castration device that crushes spermatic cord without breaking skin (also called a Burdizzo)

surgical castration instrument that both crushes and cuts spermatic cord

recurrent set of physiologic and behavioral changes that take place in female animal from one estrus period to next

stage of estrous cycle in which female is receptive to male (heat)

beef cattle old and heavy enough to be placed in feed lot to improve carcass quality and yield

able to reproduce at regular intervals

feeding beef cattle high-quality feed before slaughter to increase carcass quality and yield

bacterial disease characterized by inflammation of interdigital tissue and heel of hoof; also called pododermatitis

heifer calf born twin to bull; usually sterile

open stall system of rearing beef cattle

beginning of lactating cycle immediatly after parturition

period between conception and parturition

fat particles that make up butterfat component of milk

circumference around thoracic cavity; measurement of heart and lung capacity; also used as indicator of animal's weight

period of sexual acceptance; female usually stands for service

female bovine that is old enough to breed but has not yet calved

device placed on caudal aspect of hocks to restrain hind legs of cow and prevent her from kicking while being milked

substances produced by ductless glands that have physiologic effect on animal

progeny resulting from mating two different species

increase in vitality resulting from mating of unrelated animals; hybrid offspring usually perform better than either parent

presence of bile pigments; jaundice

overfilling and plugging of stomach with feed that is exceptionally dry

mating together of closely related animals

highly contagious repiratory disease of cattle; more prevalent in cattle that are crowded together in feedlots

to eat or take in through mouth

disease characterized by accumulation of ketones in blood and tissue; cow has sweet-smelling breath and urine; also called acetonemia

period of time cow is producing milk

acute infectious disease that causes abortion storms and subacute febrile illness

most common malignant lumphoid tumor found in cattle; also called bovine leukosis

found on ventral underline of cow; carry blood away from udder

streaks or lines of fat that are interdispersed throughout lean meat; makes meat tender and juicy

infectious and contagious inflammation of mammary gland (udder)

paralytic disease following parturition associated with lack of calcium in blood

components of milk after all water is removed

depression of female bovine's ventral underline where milk veins enter body

having a simple stomach

cow whose purpose is to nurse multiple calves in addition to its own

substance that nourishes body

visceral organs and associated tissues removed from carcass of slaughtered animal

not pregnant

hormone produced by pituitary gland; responsible for milk letdown and uterine contractions

relative acceptance of feeds by animals

using sense of touch to examine animal

process of calving

transfer of antibodies produced by one animal and given to another; immunity produced is passive and temporary

process of heating milk to kill pathogenic organisms

written record of animal's ancestral background

contagious disease of cattle caused by Moraxella bovis; characterized by conjuctivitis, lacrimation, and corneal ulceration and opacity

top of head between ears

genetically or naturally hornless

having more than one estrous cycle per year

protrusion of vagina resulting from pressure of developing fetus or other cause

refers to an animal whose ability to transmit traits is known and predictable

age at which reproductive organs become functional

offspring of two purebred parents; can be registered by breed association

term used to specify a particular gland of cow's udder, such as left front quarter or left hind quarter

open area of grazing land where beef cattle harvest natural feed

amount of food animal eats in 24-hour period

method of pregnancy determination in cattle; using rubber or plastic sleeve, hand is inserted into rectum to feel fetus or its associated structures

animals that are raised from birth for addition to herd: superior animals are selected and retained for breeding purposes

fungal infection of skin and hair; characterized by thick, round, gray crusted patches over skin surface; hair that is in infected areas fall out or breaks off

viruses that cause diarrhea in young calves

feedstuffs that are high in fiber and low in total digestible nutrients (TDN); examples include hay and silage

first or large comparment of stomach of ruminant animals; also called fermentation vat

surgical incision into the rumen, most often done to remove hardware (nails, wire, etc.) from the reticulum

cud-chewing animal with four-compartment stomach

process of regurgitating food (bolus) from rumen for remastication

profuse diarrhea, most commonly seen in young calves

inferior animal

underdeveloped horns that are not attached to skull surface

process of breeding cattle

cattle feed (roughage) produced by fermenting chopped whole corn plants or mixed pasture grasses

male bovine that is capable of breeding and producing offspring; paternal parent of animal

whole milk that has had butterfat removed

vasectomized bull used to seek out and mark females that are in estrus

anatomic changes that indicate that parturition is near

restraint device used to effectively restrain cattle so that procedures can be performed

male bovine castrated after sexual maturity

restraint device that secures cattle around neck

cow or heifer in estrus that will stand to be mounted by bull or another female

male bovine castrated at young age

metal cup with a black or screened lid; used for detecting mastitis

those in excess of regular number of four teats

use of additional high-protein feeds to help improve and balance poorer ration, such as pasture

distal part of bovine tail, consisting of long, coarse hairs

permanent means of identification of cattle; indelible ink is injected under skin using system of numbers or letters

male bovine that is used to seek out females that are in estrus; male is usually vasectomized

caused by perforation of reticulum wall by sharp foreign object such as nail, screw, or baling wire; also called hardware disease

instrument used to puncture abdomen and rumen to relieve bloat

organ of milk production of cow; made up of two mammary glands and four teats

preparation administered to develop immunity against viral diseases

rendered sterile by removal of portion of cas deferens (in male); vasectomized animal still exhibits libido

young dairy calf, under 12 weeks of age, kept in dark and fed only milk or milk replacer; used to produce pale, soft and tender carcass

caused by viruses, multiple papillomas are located usually on head, neck, shoulders, and back, also called papillomatosis

removal of calf from cow so it can no longer nurse

disease of young calves caused by selenium and vitamin E deficiency; usually result of selenuim-deficient diet fed to cow or heifer during or before gestation

milk as it is secreted from udder of cow, without anything removed

animal that is approximately 1 year old

ancestor of cattle, extict as of 400 years ago. 6 feet at withers

domestic cattle

Zebu cattle

wild cattle that haven't been branded and never been gathered

a calf with no mother

mammal with hooves

270-292 days

• dairy 4-7 weeks
• beef 7 months

• less labor involved
• must own bull

genetic improvement, rapid proof of sire, availability of sires, danger of bull removed, disease reduction, crossbreeding, improved management

• Angus: Scotland
• Hereford: both horned and polled
• Red Poll: dark to light red
• Shorthorn: horned or polled
• Texas Longhorn: Spanish, feral for 300 years
• Brahman: American breed, humped

• Holstein: black and white, most pounds of milk, 9 out of 10 dairy cows
• Jersey: smallest, 2nd most popular, highest butterfat
• Brown Swiss: white to brown, most resilient
• Guernsey: less feed per pound of milk
• Ayrshire: both milk and dairy
• Milking Shorthorn: most versatile, meat and dairy

21 days. Estrus: 6-24 hours, ovulation 24-32 hours after estrus