Chem test

• Acids contain a hydrogen and produce H⁺ in water.
• Bases contain a hydroxide group and produce OH^- in water

• acid = proton donor
• base = proton acceptor
• water can act as an acid or a base

• differs by 1 proton
• ex. HCl --> Cl^-
• ex. HNO₃ --> NO₃

behaves as both acid and base (water)

• H₂O <--> H⁺ + OH^-
• 2H₂O <--> H₃O⁺ + OH^-

• [products]
• [reactants]

• K_eq =
• [H₃O⁺][OH^-]
• [H₂O]²

1.0 x 10^-7

• H₃O⁺ > 1.0 x 10^-7
• ex. 10^-6

• H₃O⁺ < 1.0 x 10^-7
• ex. 10^-8

• scale to measure acid, base or neutral
• -log{H₃O⁺}

a solution that control pH with addition of small quantities of acid or base

C_nH_2n+2

same formula with different structures

• C_nH_2n
• min n=2
• double bond

• C_nH_2n-2
• min n=2
• triple bond

bigger groups on same side

bigger groups on opposite sides

benzene branch 1,2

benzene branch 1,3

benzene branch 1,4

• R-x
• ex. Ch₃Br = methyl bromide = IUPAC bromo methane
• ex. CH₃CH₂Cl = ethyl chloride = IUPAC chloroethane

• (-OH); R-OH, name -ol
• ex. CH₃OH = methyl alcohol = IUPAC methanol
• ex. CH₃CH₂OH = ethyl alcohol = IUPAC ethanol

any aromatic compound with an OH (benzene ring with OH branch)

• (-O-) R-O-R'
• ex. CH₃-O-CH₃ = dimethyl ether
• ex. CH₃CH₂OCH₃ = ethyl methyl ether

• (-CH=O) R-CHO, -al
• carbon is included in functional group
• HCHO= formaldehyde = IUPAC methanal
• CH₃CHO=methyl aldehyde, acetaldehyde=IUPAC ethanal

• R-CO-R', -one
• CH₃COCH₃=acetone=dimethyl ketone=IUPAC propanone
• CH₃CH₂COCH₃=ethyl methyl ketone=IUPAC butanone

• (-COOH) R-COOH, -ioc acid
• HCOOH = formic acid = IUPAC methanoic acid
• CH₃COOH = acetic acid = IUPAC ethanoic acid

• salts of acids (when acids lose H⁺)
• (-COO-) R-COO-R', -oate
• CH₃COOCH₃=dimethyl ester=IUPAC propanoate
• CH₃COOCH₂CH₃=ethyl methyl ester=IUPAC butanoate

• -NH₂ or -NH-
• CH₃NH₂ methyl amine
• CH₃CH₂NH₂ ethyl amine

• spontaneous eruption of unstable nuclei
• atomic numbers greater than 82 (Pb) are naturally radioactive

• +, so angle towards -
• +2 charge, 4.0 amu mass, just like a He nucleus

• -, so angle towards +
• -1 charge, o mass, just like an electron
• when a neutron breaks it becomes a proton and an electron. The electron is the beta ray.

no charge, no mass. Usually occur with some other radiation.

causes daughter element to move 2 spaces to the L on the periodic table (-4/2). This radioactive series continues until the atomic number is stable (below 82).

daughter element moves 1 space to the right on the periodic table.

• time it takes for a radioactive element to become half of its original amount.
• 1/2ⁿ where n= number of half lives gone by.

5730 years

creating instability in the nucleus

centrifuging uranium to get the U235 isotopes

• breaking of heavy nucleus by projecting fast-moving nucleus into smaller nucleii. Energy released starts a chain reaction.
• ²³⁵₉₂U + ¹₀ n ---> ¹⁴²₅₆Ba + ⁹¹₃₆Kr + 3¹₀ n + energy

broken nucleii

D₂O

¹₁H, ²₁H (deuterium-D), ³₁H (tritium-T)

• fusing two nucleii.
• ³₁H + ²₁H ---> ⁴₂He + ¹₀ n + energy
• ²₁H + ¹₀ n ---> ³₁H + energy
• ¹₁H + ¹₀ n ---> ²₁H + energy