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Who is considered to be the "restorer of an uncorrupted original monotheistic faith"?
Mohammed
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Who raised Mohammed after his parents died
his grandfather until age 6, then his uncle Abu Talib
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Why was Mohammed's first marriage different for the time period?
His wife was 20 years older than he was
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How old was Mohammed when he had his first revelation?
40
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Which angel revealed God's word to Mohammed?
Gabriel
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What did Mohammed do when he first received the revelations?
kept it a secret except from a few of his closest friends and slaves
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What city did he begin preaching in?
Mecca
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Why was it difficult for Mohammed to gain converts at first?
Most considered him a poet that was slightly off
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What other faiths were practiced in his city?
old Bedouin, Egyptian and Roman gods, Judaism
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What is the Hijira?
the flight to Medina
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What are the Hadith?
stories of the life of the prophet
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What city did Mohammed flee to?
Medina
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What was one of his first acts upon arriving there?
to give permission to "go to war against the enemies of God"
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How did the residents receive him?
They quickly made him leader, chief judge, and counselor of the city
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Who was his first decree probably aimed at? Why?
Mecca, because the people there tried to kill him.
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What happened in 630-631 AD?
Mecca was captured by the Muslims
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Who were the "Rightly Guided Caliphs"?
They were religious leaders who were believed to be the representative of God on earth
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What were their names?
Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Ali
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When does the split in Islam occur?
661 AD
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What caused the split in Islam?
disagreement as to who the leadership shoul've been given to
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What are the two primary sects of Islam? Which is larger?
Sunni and Shi'ite; Sunni is larger
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What did the Mughals do?
They expanded Islamic empire to the Indian Peninsula
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What are the Five Pillars of Faith?
5 tenets every Muslim is expected to abide to and complete before they die
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Which of them is based on financial ability?
the pilgrimage to Mecca
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Which may be suspended for age or health?
The Sawm, or fasting
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How many holidays are on the Muslim Calendar?
2
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How is Muslim architecture different frmo that of Europe in the Middle Ages?
Buildings were domed, open, and airy
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What Byzantine Church was later turned into a mosque?
Hagia Sophia
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What are some of the distinguishing characteristics of Muslim art and architecture?
use of bright colors, full of natural light and are open and airy
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How was Islam spread after the death of the Prophet?
During the reigns of the first 4 caliphs (632-661), Islam spread rapidly
Wars of expansion were also advanced by the devotion of the faithful to the concept of jihad
Muslims are required to extend the faith to unbelievers and to defend Islam from attack
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What was the original meaning of "jihad"?
"Walk in the way of God"
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What happened in 711 AD?
The Muslims conquered the Visigoth Kingdom in Spain
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What is significant about the Battle of Tours?
It stopped Islamic advance into Europe
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What name did the Muslims give that battle?
The Battle of the Court
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Who was the leader of the Frankish Army at Tours?
Charles Martel
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Which Caliphate initially captured Jersalem?
the Umayyads
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Why is Jerusalem important to the Muslims?
It is the holy land
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What were some problems faced by the Pope in Europe prior to the Crusades?
- Power of the Church was declining
- Regional Kings, nobles, etc. were fighting
- peasants suffering from raids
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Who called the first Crusade?
Pope Urban II
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What was the official reason given for calling the Crusade?
The Muslims had burned the Church
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What did the Pope do that made it easier to get volunteers for hte Crusade?
He issues that it is not a sin to kill an infidel.
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Who was Peter the Hermit?
One who claimed God called him to lead a Crusade
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What happened after the Crusaders captured the city of Antioch?
Crusaders slughtered most of the inhabitants without regard to their religion, and the Crescent Moon is torn off of the Muslim holy places and replaced with the Cross
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Who led the Crusader Army to the gates of Jerusalem?
Raymond of Tolouse
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Who recaptured Jerusalem for the Muslims?
Sal a-Din
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Which of the following Crusades came closest to retaking the Holy City?
3rd Crusade
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Who led the Crusade?
Richard the Lionheart
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What were some of the good things that came from the Crusades?
the impetus for the Renaissance, the Age of Exploration, and the Enlightenment
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Why was Italy able to begin the Renaissance?
They had acquired so much money during the time
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