Internal Environment

Homeostasis is valuable because cells can concentrate on the _.

In negative feedback, sensors _ and pass this information to a controller.

In negative feedback, sensors measure the state of regulated variable and _.

State of the regulated variable is measured by _.

Information about the regulated variable is passed to a controller by the _.

In negative feedback, controller _ witha predetermined setpoint.

In negative feedback, controller compares the state of the regulated variable with a _.

State of regulated variable is compared with a predetermined setpoint by the _.

If controller detects a difference between the setpoint and actual value of regulated variable, it issues a command to _.

In negative feedback, effectors change the regulated variable in the _.

In negative feedback, the regulated variable is changed in the direction of the setpoint by _.

Core body temperature is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms that operate through a thermoregulatory center in the _.

Part of the brain concerned almost exclusively with homeostatic controle is the _.

Sensors for core body temperature are located in the brain, spinal cord, abdomen, and _.

Sensors for core body temperature are located in the brain, spinal cord, _, and other internal body organs.

Sensors for core body temperature are located in the brain, _, abdomen, and other internal body organs.

Sensors for core body temperature are located in the _, spinal cord, abdomen, and other internal body organs.

Effectors for thermoregulation include cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, skeletal muscles, and the _.

Effectors for thermoregulation include cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, _, and the entire body energy metabolism.

Effectors for thermoregulation include cutaneous blood vessels, _, skeletal muscles, and the entire body energy metabolism.

Effectors for thermoregulation include _, sweat glands, skeletal muscles, and the entire body energy metabolism.

Cold exposure first _.

Second means of increasing heat production is a response of the _ branch of the autonomic nervous system.

Pyrogens are released by _.

Pyrogens are produced by the _.

Pyrogens are derived from the _.

If temperature falls below the new setpoint, the hypothalamus defends it by increasing _.

If the temperature rises above the new setpoint, the hypothalamus initiates _.

Diffusion is movement of a substance due to the _ movement of its individual particles.

Individual motion of solute particles is _ and _.

Net movement occurs only if there is a _.

Net movement by diffusion occurs from regions of _ to regions of _.

Key factors that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion are distance, cross-sectional area, diffusion coefficient, and the _.

Key factors that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion are distance, cross-sectional area, _, and the magnitude of the concentration gradient.

Key factors that determine the rate of net movement of a substanceby diffusion are distance, _, diffusion coefficient, and the magnitude of the concentration gradient.

Key factors that determine the rate of net movement of a substance by diffusion are _, cross-sectional area, diffusion coefficient, and the magnitude of the concentration gradient.

Greater distances _ the rate of net movement.

Rate of net movement is reduced by _ distances.

Greater the cross-sectional area available, the _ the rate of diffusion.

Smaller particles diffuse _ than larger ones.

Driving force for net movement by diffusion is the _.

Concentration gradient provides the driving force for net movement by _.

Net movement of substances by diffusion is said to be a _ process.

Passive transport process in net movement of substances by _.

Diffusion of an uncharged substance involves the form of _ energy.

When diffusing particles are ions, _ energy is involved.

Chemical energy is involved in the diffusion of _ substance.

Electrical potential energy involves diffusing particles that are _.

Charge separation that can be measured as an electrical voltage between two chambers is called a _.

Diffusion potential is the charge separation that can be measured as _ between the two chambers.

Diffusion potential is the _ that can be measured as an electrical voltage between two chambers.

Magnitude of the equiliberium potential (E) is directly related to the magnitude of the concentration, since one must _.

Magnitude of the equilibrium potential (E) is directly related to the magnitude of the _, since one must balance the other.

Directly related to the magnitude of the concentration gradient is the magnitude of the _.

Mathematical relationship between electrical and chemical energy is described by the _.

Nernst equation is the mathematical relationship between _ and _.

Resting potential is a difference in electrical charge between the _ and _ sides of the plasma membrane.

Resting potential is the _ in electrical charge between the cytoplasimc and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane.

Difference in electrical charge between the cytoplasmic and extracellular sides of the plasma membrane is _.

Membrane is polarized when the number of positive charges on the outside _ the number of negative charges on the inside.

Same number of positive charges on the outside as negative charges on the inside, the cell is _.

Decrease in number of ion pairs associated with the membrane makes the membrane _.

Cell is less inside negative when _ in the number of ion pairs.

Membrane that is less inside negative is termed _.

Depolarization is when the cell is _.

Increase in the number of ion pairs makes the cell _.

Cell is more inside negative is when there is _ in number of ion pairs.

Cell that is more inside negative is termed _.

Hyperpolarization is when the cell is _.

Strength of an ionic gradient is determined by the concentration gradient and the _.

Strength of an ionic gradient is determined by the _ and the relative permeability.

Three major mechanisms by which solutes can move between the interior and exterior of cells is by _, _, and _.

Transport proteins provide _.

Alternate routes through the membrane are provided by _.

Two forms of transport proteins are _ and _.

Channels are _ proteins.

Carriers are _ proteins.

Voltage-gated channels respond to _.

Channels that respond to changes in membrane potential are _.

Ligand-gated channels respond to _.

Channel that responds to binding of messenger substances from inside or outside the cell is _.

Channel-mediated movement is _.

Transport protein that is diffusion-like is _.

Carriers are proteins that _.

Transport protein that binds individual solute molecues on one side of the membrane and release the solute on the opposite side of the membrane is _.

Multiple solutes of different types that bind to the carrier before all are translocated is called _ or _.

Cotransport or symport is when _ bind to the carrier before all are translocated.

One solute exchanged for another is a process of _ or _.

Exchange or antiport is when _.

Active transport involves _.

Transport that involves expenditure of extra energy from the cell's own energy reserves is _.

In primary active transport, the carrier derives its energy from _.

Carrier derives its energy from ATP in _ transport.

Most common form of transport ATPase is the _ or _.

Secondary active transport processes are driven by a transmembrane gradient of _.

Transport that is driven by a transmembrane gradient of some other solute is _.

Osmosis is diffusive movement of water _.

Osmosis is diffusive movement of _ down a water concentration gradient.

Diffusive movement of water down a water concentration gradient is _.

Solutions with concentration of 300 mOsmoles/liter are said to be _.

Isotonic solutions have a concentration of _.

Hypotonic solution contains a _ concentration of impermeant solute than normal cytoplasm.

Solution that contains a lower concentration of impermeant solute than normal cytoplasm is _.

Hypertonic solution contains a _ impermeant solute concentration than normal cytoplasm.

Solution that contains a higher concentration of impermeant solute than normal cytoplasm is _.

Hypotonic solution causes cells to _.

Solution that causes cells to swell is _.

Hypertonic solution causes cells to _.

Solution that causes cells to shrink is _.

Two main components of ECF is _ and _.