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The total water loss per day in the adult is :
2.8 liters
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Of 60% of the body weight made up of water about two thirds is ?
intracellular fluid
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Sodium is responsible for:
ECF osmotic balance
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A milliequivablent is a unit of :
chemical activity
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Which statement is true?
The positive and negative charges in blood plasma much be equal to each other
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Aldosterone controls ECF volume by:
sodium reabsorption and water reabsorption
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The release of ADH is not stimulated by:
hyponatremia
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An acid is :
a substance/ chemical that donates a hydrogen ion or a proton to the solution
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Strong acids:
include phosporic acid, contribute many H ions to teh solution, and are eliminated by the renal tubules
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The blood pH is maintained near 7.4 by buffering systems. The sequence from the fastest acting to the slowest acting system is ?
blood, buffers, lungs, and kidneys
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The pH of saliva is about 7 and the pH of the gastric juice is 2. How many times more concentrated is the hysdrogen ion in gasric juice than in saliva?
100,000
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Which would not shift the blood pH toward alkalosis?
bicarbonate ion secretion into the urine
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As HCO3 shifts from the red blood cell to the blood plasma, it is expected that the plasma?
Cl- shifts into the red blood cells
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How are body fluid distributed?
among intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)
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Total Body Weight (TBW):
is the sum of all fluids which varies with age and body fat
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How does water move in relation to plasma?
Water moves between the plasma and interstitial fluid by osmosis (pulling water) and hydrostatic pressure (pushing water) which occurs across capillary membranes
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What is edema?
- a problem with fluid distribution that results in accumulation of fluid within the intersititial spaces
- the pathophysiologiv process that leads to edema is related to an increase in forces in forces favoring fluid filtration from the capillaries or lympathic channels into tissues
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What causes Edema?
is caused by arterial dilation, venous or lymphatic obstruction, increased vascular volume, or increased capillary permeability
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Sodium, Water and Cl-:
Sodium and water are intimately related and chloride levels are generally proprtional to change in sodium levels
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Water balance is regulated by:
Thirst mechanism and ADH which is secreted in response to by an increase in plasma osmolaity or a decrease in circulating blood volume.
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Sodium is regulated by:
Aldosterone, which increases reabsorption of sodium from teh urine into the blood by the distal tubule of the kidney
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Anti-natriuretic hormone:
is involved in decreasing tubular reabsorption and promoting urinary excretion of sodium
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Alterations in water balance is classified by:
isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic
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Hypernatremia:
levels above 17 ml/EQ which is caused by an increase of sodium or loss of water
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Hypertonic :
develop when teh osmolality of the ECF is elevated aboce normal , usually because of an increased concentration of ECF sodium ofr a deficit of ECF of water
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Isotonic:
occurs when changes in TBW are accompanied by proportional changes in electrolytes
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Potassium:
- is the predominant ICF ion, it regulates ICF osmolaltiy, maintains resting membrane potential and is required for deposition of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscle cells.
- regulated by the kidney, by aldosterone and insulin secretion, and by changes in pH.
- Hypokalemia- potassium serum levels can remain the same but total loss of potassium in body
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Calcium:
- 1. bone structure
- 2. blood clotting
- 3. hormone secretion and function of cell receptors
- 4. membrane stability
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Regulation of Calcium and Phosphate:
by the parathyroid, Vitamin D, and calcitonin
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Hypercalcemia:
can be caused by hyperparathyroidism, bone metastases, sarcoidosis, and excess Vitamin D
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Hydrogen ions:
maintain membrane integrity and the speed of enzymatic reactions and must be concentrated within a narrow range if the body is to function
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Buffers:
- The renal and respiratory system work together to maintain acid-base balance
- can absorb excessive acid or base but not alter overally pH.
- Buffers exist as acid base pairs; principle plasma buffers are carbonic acid-bicarbonate, protein (hemoglobin) and phosphate
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Metabolic acidosis:
is caused by an increase in non-carbonic acids or loss of bicarbonate from extracellular fluid
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Metabolic Alkalosis:
occurs with an increase in bicabonate usually caused by loss of metabolic acids from conditions such as vomiting or GI suction or from excessive bicarbonate intake
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Respiratory acidosis:
occurs with decreasein alveolar ventilation, which in turn cause hypercapnia (increase in CO2) and increases in carboninc acid concentration.
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Respiratory Alkalosis:
occurs with alveolar hyperventilation and excessive reduction in carbonic dioxide, or hypocapnia with decrease in carbonic acid
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