Protects from the microbs with the layers of
karatinzed skin
Epidermis:
5 Protective mechanisms of the skin:
Epidermis
Skin is dry
Outer layer of skin is continually sloughing off
pH of skin is acidic (3-5)
lysozyme and perspiration
Secreted by skin and is the protective oily-film on the skin
Sebum
Tear ducts that washes lateral to medial
Lacrimal glands
Helps dilute bacteria, helps prevent colonization and contains some lysozymes for mouth protection
Saliva
Secretions in GI tract help trap bacteria, slowing it down
Muccus
Bacterial will enter sometimes and vaginalarea is more acidic for bacteria protection
Urine secretions
Like hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus protects from bacteria
Gastric Juices
Act of one cell eating debris or bacteria, engulf with the purpose of neutralizing
Phagocytosis
Gets blamed for peptic ulcers, neutralizes stomach acid
Helacbacteor pylory (H. Pylory)
In the blood there is about _____ RBC
5 million
In the blood there is about _____ WBC
5-10 thousand
First responders in bacterial infections,
involved with phagocytosis
Represent 70% of WBC
Neutrophils
Involved with allergic reaction and produce histamine
Represent 1% of WBC
Basophils
Produce toxic protein that will combat parasites and do some phagocytosis
mildly involved with allergic reactions BUT DO NOT produce histamine
Represent 2-4%
Esinophils
After they leave the blood/circulatory system
they mature into a macrophage and are most phagocyitic
WBC
located in the lymphatic system or migrate to other areas of the body
Represent 3-8% WBC
Macrophage are involved in the last stages of bacterial infections, viral and fungal infections, they do the clean-up work
Monocytes
Produced in red bone marrow and many migrate
to the lymph tissue
Located in: spleen, thymus,
tonsils, and appendix, peyers patches in the stomach &
lymph nodes.
Deal with worms, cancer cells and viruse
Represent 20-25%WBC
Responsible for antibody
production and T-cell production
Lymphocytes
2 Types of Macrophages
Fixed
Wandering
Stationary, Kupffer-in liver, Alveoli-in lungs, Microgilia-nerve system
Fixed
Gathering to site of infection
Wandering
4 Stages of phagocytosis
Chemo-taxis
Addherance
Ingestion
Digestion
Chemical attraction of the phagocytes to the microbes by antibody or compliment
Chemio-taxis
attach to microbes for the process of opsonization
Addherance
Has lipase to break down DNA
Ingestion
Happens when lysosomes attach to the phagosomes
Digestion
Sac of phagocyte that catches the bacteria, pumps protons (H+) and drops the pH and makes it more acidic, severing the cell wall and ingesting bacteria
Phagosome
Made in phagocyte to digest bacteria with several molecules that will work to destroy bacteria
Lysosomes
When the phagosome merges with the lysosome
Phagolysosome
After the bacteria is digested the lysosome contains
waste and debris called
residual body
molecule that is too small to create an allergic reaction (must be bigger than 10,000 molecular weight to effect the body)
Hapten
Caused by damage to body tissues
Symptoms:
Inflamation
redness, swelling and heat
Positive to inflammation:
Help destroy foreign agents
Confines the agent
Helps repair tissue damage
Molecules that float around in blood all cause
vasodilatation (increases the permiablilty so that these molecules can get out into the system)
Cytokines, Fibrigen & Kynins
Gets released by Mast cells and Basophils also causes vasodilatation
Histamine
Released by damaged tissue after being cut, intensifies the affect of histamine and causes vasodilation
Prostoglandins
Release by mast cells and basophils, help phagocytes attach to the microb (Opsonin)
Leukotrienes
Causes vessels to be more permeable and delivers clotting agents to damages tissues
Kynins
neutrophils and monocytes to stick to blood vessel walls
Margination
During swelling blood vessels become
More permiable
Phagocytes squeeze between between cells to get
to the damaged or effected area
Diapedese or imagration
Neutrophils go first followed by the ______ . Once the _________ are out of the circylatory system they become .When they die they become ____ .
monocytes (x2)
macrophages
puss
What slows down phagocytosis
Transplant drugs
poor diet
chemo and radiation
When you have damaged tissue and your body repairs from basal layer (new cells produced from skin)
Parenchyma
Stroma repair
scar tissue
Antigens in the body that provoke an immune response
Immunity
Bring fever down take
antipyretic
Developed by exposure to an antigen in natural way
Ex. Chicken pox
Natural Active
Exposure by immunization or vaccine
Ex. mesals mumps and rubella
Artificial Active
Getting antibodies in a natural way
Ex. Mother's milk, placenta
Natural Passive
Acquiring antibodies in an artificial way
Ex. Gamma globulin shot
Artificial Passive
Antibodies are also know as
Immunoglobulin
Antibodies are found in the serum and are called
Antiserum
Humeral immunity
Also known as antibody mediated immunity
Produced by B-Lymphocytes (B-Cells)
Found in blood, lymph and mucus
The body makes about ______ lymphocytes a day
100 million
Cell mediated immunity
involves T-Lymphocytes or T-Cells
T-cells fight against foreign tissue
T-cells fight against viruses, fungi, bacteria,
protozoa, helment/worms and cancer cells
**T-cells that communicate with WBC**
Interleukins
Can only interact with one single or one type of antigen which must be displayed on the cells surface
T-Cells
-most are macrophages and come from monocytes
-manufactures antigen of virus and manufactures and antigen on the surface to tell the immune system to help fight it
Antigen presenting cells: (APC)
are part of a major host compatibility complex (MHC) on each cell
Self molecules
MHC makes each self molecule
specific to a person
Th1 causes:
type of helper cell
produce cytokines that will activate cells for cell mediated immunity
TH2 causes:
B-lymphocytes to stimulate production of eocenophils and to produce 2 types of antibodies IgM & IgG
Destroy target cells on contact
Cytotoxic T-cells
Perforates or pokes a pore in the target cell, which causes the target cell to lysis or come apart.
Proforin
Associated with allergic reactions that are delayed
Delay hypersensitivity T-cells (TD)
Turn off the immune response when antigen is no longer present
Supressor T-Cells
Destroy virus or virus infected cells and tumor cells, they also go after large parasites
Natural Killer Cells
-Most abundant in the blood represents about 80% of antibodies circulating in the blood
IgG
Stay in the blood, First responders
IgM
-Most abundant in the entire body, most common in bodily secretions ex. breast milk, tears saliva and mucus
-Prevent attachment of microbes to the mucosal surface because they make it so microbes can’t stick
IgA
Present in the colostrum, when female gives birth mother produces colostrums the first
few days.
IgD
Bind to mast cells and basophills and causes release of histamine to help with allergic reactions
IgE
antigenic determinant sites notifies that a microb doesn’t belong
Epitopes
Mack attach
Membrane attack complex involves C6-C9
A substance that binds to foreign microorganisms or cells, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis.
Opsonin
Involves pair of antibodies that bind with antigen which activates C1
Classical pathway
Doesn't need antibodies, involves BDP
Alternative pathway
-macrophages ingest/digest, release chemicals that produce lectin
-Type 1 of lectin is called MBL (Manos binding lectin)
Lectin Pathway
MBL or manos binding lectin is
type of sugar molecule
Artificially driven
Immunity
When most people have been immunized then those that aren’t immunized are protected from getting virus
Hurd immunity
Dead virus in vaccine
Ex. Polio
Inactivated whole agent vaccine
Inactivated toxins and follow up with booster shots
Ex. Tetanus
Toxoid shot
Uses only the antigenic fragment, bugs can’t multiply
Ex. Hep B
Subunit vaccines
For children, because children’s immune system
doesn’t respond to the polysaccharide antigens
Ex. Diptheria
Conjugated vaccine
Allergic reaction person has been sensitized by previous exposure to the antigen or allergen
Hyper-sensitivity reaction
***Allergen is always antigen- antigen is not always an allergen
TRUE
4 Types of allergic reaction
Anaphylactic reaction
Cytotoxic Reaction
Immune complex reactions
Cell mediated reactions
-usually occurs within 2-30 min
-has to have a previous exposure to have a reaction the second time
-Involves IgE, basophiles and mast cells
-contain mediator chemicals that turns them on and causes the basophiles to degranulate/dumps Ex. causes the reaction such as vasodilatation, erythema---redness, decreases smooth muscle contraction which affects the lungs and breathing
Anaphylactic reaction
-leukotrens—decrease smooth muscle contraction -prostaglandulins--- mucus
-production also causing vasodilatation and makes capillaries more permeable
(making the holes bigger—no longer semi-permeable)
Systemic anaphylactic shock
usually lack an enzyme to break down an aspect to the food
Food intollarance
8 Different foods responsible for allergies:
Milk
Soy
Fish
Wheat
Peas
Eggs
Peanuts
Tree-grown nuts
Under the skin, Homiopathithically (sublingual) to activate the IgG bodies instead of the IgE
Desensitization
Blood transfusion reactions
Cytotoxic Reaction
-Involves IgG, antibodies are working against soluble antigens circulating in the blood.
-Most responsible for plaque of the arteries caused by leaky gut syndrome (build up of candidia)
Immune complex reactions
Occurs within a day or so, because the T-cells have to migrate to the infected area and accumulate there
Ex. TB
Cell mediated reactions
An inappropriate response to self antigens which should be self markers
Autoimmune disease
Virus involved, virus has similarities to the self protein markers
Ex. Hep C
Type 1 Autoimmunity
Involves antibodies to the self surface antigens
Ex. graves disease
Type 2 Cytotoxic autoimmunity
antibodies develop to parts that will breakdown organelles
Ex. Systemic lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis---IgM & IgG & complement are deposited into the joints IgM
and IgG bind to joints (Test rH factors)
Type 3 Autoimmunity
T-cells and macrophages attacking the myelin sheath that coats the nerves causing faster nerve conduction
Ex. Multiple Sclerosis, Hashimoto's Type 1 Diabetes
Type 4 Cell mediated
Area where the antibodies won't attack the tissue
Ex.Cornea transplant
Privileged sites
Tissue that body won't attack normally
Ex. Pig heart valve
Privileged tissue
use patients cell to culture sheets of new skin
Autograft
Tissue or organs from identical twins
Isograft
donor that isn’t identical such as a sibling
Allograft
Tissue or organs from animals
Xenograft
Lowered cell mediated response caused by drugs, cancers or other microbes
AIDS
Name of HIV virus is the
Lentivirus
Structure of HIV is
2 identical RNA strands
HIV has an enzyme called
Reverse transcriptase
HIV has _______ with spikes—which makes it
more successful
phospholipid envelope
Once infected with HIV, the lentivirus will attach to the
CD4 on the T-cells
Lentivirus in hiding is called
provirus
Different groups or types of HIV virus is divided into
clades
Characteristics of virus
Mutating rapidly
Will mutate daily
Producing itself in different versions
Person can have 1 million variants of the HIV virus an still have no symptoms
In the U.S. about 90% of population with AIDS are most commonly infected with
HIV 1 clade B
South Africa population infected with
HIV 1 clade C
Asia population infected with
HIV 1 Clade E
West Africa population infected with
HIV 2
Hiv virus in their body for some time, may be asymptomatic, persistent swollen lymph nodes
Category A
Persistent infections by Candida—thrush,
mouth throat, vaginal yeast infections, shingles showing up and harry leukoplakia (white patches on oral mucosa)
Category B
-Clinical AIDS
-normal CD4 T- cell count is 800-1,000 T-Cells per millimeter cubed
-T-cell count below 200, Effecting: throat, trachea,
lungs, bronchiole, compromised host causing tuberculosis and constantly fighting off pneumonia, eye infections, toxoplasmosis of the brain, Kaposi’s
sarcoma (cancer in mouth caused by herpes virus)
Category C
HIV is NOT synomous with AIDS
True
In order to get AIDS it requires direct contact with
bodily fluids