Micro Final

Protects from the microbs with the layers of
karatinzed skin

5 Protective mechanisms of the skin:

Secreted by skin and is the protective oily-film on the skin

Tear ducts that washes lateral to medial

Helps dilute bacteria, helps prevent colonization and contains some lysozymes for mouth protection

Secretions in GI tract help trap bacteria, slowing it down

Bacterial will enter sometimes and vaginalarea is more acidic for bacteria protection

Like hydrochloric acid, enzymes and mucus protects from bacteria

Act of one cell eating debris or bacteria, engulf with the purpose of neutralizing

Gets blamed for peptic ulcers, neutralizes stomach acid

In the blood there is about _____ RBC

In the blood there is about _____ WBC

First responders in bacterial infections,
involved with phagocytosis
Represent 70% of WBC

Involved with allergic reaction and produce histamine
Represent 1% of WBC

Produce toxic protein that will combat parasites and do some phagocytosis
mildly involved with allergic reactions BUT DO NOT produce histamine
Represent 2-4%

After they leave the blood/circulatory system
they mature into a macrophage and are most phagocyitic
WBC
located in the lymphatic system or migrate to other areas of the body
Represent 3-8% WBC
Macrophage are involved in the last stages of bacterial infections, viral and fungal infections, they do the clean-up work

Produced in red bone marrow and many migrate
to the lymph tissue
Located in: spleen, thymus,
tonsils, and appendix, peyers patches in the stomach &
lymph nodes.
Deal with worms, cancer cells and viruse
Represent 20-25%WBC
Responsible for antibody
production and T-cell production

2 Types of Macrophages

Stationary, Kupffer-in liver, Alveoli-in lungs, Microgilia-nerve system

Gathering to site of infection

4 Stages of phagocytosis

Chemical attraction of the phagocytes to the microbes by antibody or compliment

attach to microbes for the process of opsonization

Has lipase to break down DNA

Happens when lysosomes attach to the phagosomes

Sac of phagocyte that catches the bacteria, pumps protons (H+) and drops the pH and makes it more acidic, severing the cell wall and ingesting bacteria

Made in phagocyte to digest bacteria with several molecules that will work to destroy bacteria

When the phagosome merges with the lysosome

After the bacteria is digested the lysosome contains
waste and debris called

molecule that is too small to create an allergic reaction (must be bigger than 10,000 molecular weight to effect the body)

Caused by damage to body tissues
Symptoms:

Positive to inflammation:

Molecules that float around in blood all cause
vasodilatation (increases the permiablilty so that these molecules can get out into the system)

Gets released by Mast cells and Basophils also causes vasodilatation

Released by damaged tissue after being cut, intensifies the affect of histamine and causes vasodilation

Release by mast cells and basophils, help phagocytes attach to the microb (Opsonin)

Causes vessels to be more permeable and delivers clotting agents to damages tissues

neutrophils and monocytes to stick to blood vessel walls

During swelling blood vessels become

Phagocytes squeeze between between cells to get
to the damaged or effected area

Neutrophils go first followed by the ______ . Once the _________ are out of the circylatory system they become .When they die they become ____ .

What slows down phagocytosis

When you have damaged tissue and your body repairs from basal layer (new cells produced from skin)

Stroma repair

Antigens in the body that provoke an immune response

Bring fever down take

Developed by exposure to an antigen in natural way
Ex. Chicken pox

Exposure by immunization or vaccine
Ex. mesals mumps and rubella

Getting antibodies in a natural way
Ex. Mother's milk, placenta

Acquiring antibodies in an artificial way
Ex. Gamma globulin shot

Antibodies are also know as

Antibodies are found in the serum and are called

Humeral immunity

The body makes about ______ lymphocytes a day

Cell mediated immunity

**T-cells that communicate with WBC**

Can only interact with one single or one type of antigen which must be displayed on the cells surface

-most are macrophages and come from monocytes
-manufactures antigen of virus and manufactures and antigen on the surface to tell the immune system to help fight it

are part of a major host compatibility complex (MHC) on each cell

MHC makes each self molecule

Th1 causes:

TH2 causes:

Destroy target cells on contact

Perforates or pokes a pore in the target cell, which causes the target cell to lysis or come apart.

Associated with allergic reactions that are delayed

Turn off the immune response when antigen is no longer present

Destroy virus or virus infected cells and tumor cells, they also go after large parasites

-Most abundant in the blood represents about 80% of antibodies circulating in the blood

Stay in the blood, First responders

-Most abundant in the entire body, most common in bodily secretions ex. breast milk, tears saliva and mucus
-Prevent attachment of microbes to the mucosal surface because they make it so microbes can’t stick

Present in the colostrum, when female gives birth mother produces colostrums the first
few days.

Bind to mast cells and basophills and causes release of histamine to help with allergic reactions

antigenic determinant sites notifies that a microb doesn’t belong

Mack attach

A substance that binds to foreign microorganisms or cells, making them more susceptible to phagocytosis.

Involves pair of antibodies that bind with antigen which activates C1

Doesn't need antibodies, involves BDP

-macrophages ingest/digest, release chemicals that produce lectin
-Type 1 of lectin is called MBL (Manos binding lectin)

MBL or manos binding lectin is

Artificially driven

When most people have been immunized then those that aren’t immunized are protected from getting virus

Dead virus in vaccine
Ex. Polio

Inactivated toxins and follow up with booster shots
Ex. Tetanus

Uses only the antigenic fragment, bugs can’t multiply
Ex. Hep B

For children, because children’s immune system
doesn’t respond to the polysaccharide antigens
Ex. Diptheria

Allergic reaction person has been sensitized by previous exposure to the antigen or allergen

***Allergen is always antigen- antigen is not always an allergen

4 Types of allergic reaction

-usually occurs within 2-30 min
-has to have a previous exposure to have a reaction the second time
-Involves IgE, basophiles and mast cells
-contain mediator chemicals that turns them on and causes the basophiles to degranulate/dumps Ex. causes the reaction such as vasodilatation, erythema---redness, decreases smooth muscle contraction which affects the lungs and breathing

-leukotrens—decrease smooth muscle contraction -prostaglandulins--- mucus
-production also causing vasodilatation and makes capillaries more permeable
(making the holes bigger—no longer semi-permeable)

usually lack an enzyme to break down an aspect to the food

8 Different foods responsible for allergies:

Under the skin, Homiopathithically (sublingual) to activate the IgG bodies instead of the IgE

Blood transfusion reactions

-Involves IgG, antibodies are working against soluble antigens circulating in the blood.
-Most responsible for plaque of the arteries caused by leaky gut syndrome (build up of candidia)

Occurs within a day or so, because the T-cells have to migrate to the infected area and accumulate there
Ex. TB

An inappropriate response to self antigens which should be self markers

Virus involved, virus has similarities to the self protein markers
Ex. Hep C

Involves antibodies to the self surface antigens
Ex. graves disease

antibodies develop to parts that will breakdown organelles
Ex. Systemic lupus, rheumatoid
arthritis---IgM & IgG & complement are deposited into the joints IgM
and IgG bind to joints (Test rH factors)

T-cells and macrophages attacking the myelin sheath that coats the nerves causing faster nerve conduction
Ex. Multiple Sclerosis, Hashimoto's Type 1 Diabetes

Area where the antibodies won't attack the tissue
Ex.Cornea transplant

Tissue that body won't attack normally
Ex. Pig heart valve

use patients cell to culture sheets of new skin

Tissue or organs from identical twins

donor that isn’t identical such as a sibling

Tissue or organs from animals

Lowered cell mediated response caused by drugs, cancers or other microbes

Name of HIV virus is the

Structure of HIV is

HIV has an enzyme called

HIV has _______ with spikes—which makes it
more successful

Once infected with HIV, the lentivirus will attach to the

Lentivirus in hiding is called

Different groups or types of HIV virus is divided into

Characteristics of virus

In the U.S. about 90% of population with AIDS are most commonly infected with

South Africa population infected with

Asia population infected with

West Africa population infected with

Hiv virus in their body for some time, may be asymptomatic, persistent swollen lymph nodes

Persistent infections by Candida—thrush,
mouth throat, vaginal yeast infections, shingles showing up and harry leukoplakia (white patches on oral mucosa)

-Clinical AIDS
-normal CD4 T- cell count is 800-1,000 T-Cells per millimeter cubed
-T-cell count below 200, Effecting: throat, trachea,
lungs, bronchiole, compromised host causing tuberculosis and constantly fighting off pneumonia, eye infections, toxoplasmosis of the brain, Kaposi’s
sarcoma (cancer in mouth caused by herpes virus)

HIV is NOT synomous with AIDS

In order to get AIDS it requires direct contact with
bodily fluids

Bodily fluids: infection of AIDS