Chemistry.txt

Natural science concerned with description and classificaton of matter, changes matter undergoes, and energy associated with each

• Inorganic (Genderal)
• Organic
• Bichemistry
• Embalming chemistry

Studies properties and reactions of elements, excluding organic or certain carbon-containing compounds

Study of Carbon and its compounds

More carbon compounds than non-carbon compounds

Chemistry dealing with compounds produced by living organisms

Subdivision of organic chemistry

Reffered to as physiological chemistry or chemistry of plant and animal systems

Study of chemical post-mortem (decompostion) changes, composition of embalming fluids, interactions between each

• Length - meter
• Volume - liter
• Mass - Kilogram
• Heat- calorie
• Temperature - Kelvin

Fundamental unit

derived unit, 1 L = 1.06 qt.

Fundamental unit, measure of amount of matter it contains, remails constant regardless of location

Amount of hear required to raise temp. of 1 gram of water

large Calorie or Kilo-calorie (Cal or Kg-cal) amount of heat required to raise temp. of one kilogram of water one degree Celsius

Standards of temp. are based on freezing and boiling point of water

Celsius scale, freezing point is 0 and boiling point is 212

Absolute (Kelvin) scale reads 273 degrees higher than Celsius scale

Fahrenheit Celsius

• 212 100
• 98.6 37
• 32 0
• 0 -32
• -40 -40
• -459 -273

Anything that occupies space and has mass

Without change in chemical composition including color, taste, solubility, density, hardness, melting and boiling point

Freezing /melting point @ equilibrium

Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasmas

How well two substances mix; ability to go into solution

Ratio of mass of substance to its volume; D = ^m/_v

Greater density, heavier object per unit of volume

Ratio of densities with water as standard

Characteristic observed when substance is interacting with other substances resulting in change in chemcal composition

New substance or substances are produced that have entirely different properties from original substance because chemical composition has changed

Change in form of state of matter without any change in chemical composition

Changes in state - Solid, Liquid, Gas

Solvation (dissolving)

Going into solution; salt in water

New substance or substances are produced that have entirely different properties from original substance because chemical composition has changed; souring of milk

• Creamation of remains
• Decomposition of remains
• Embalming of remains

State of matter having ability to diffuse; no definite shape or volume and assume shape and volume of container

• Liquefaction - become liquid
• Condensation - change of state from gas to liquid
• Vaporization - physical change from liquid (or solid) to gas
• Diffusion

Movement of molecules or other particles in solution from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration or equilibrium is reached

Substance with ability to flow and does not expand indefinetely

• Viscosity - resistance to flow
• Surface tension - force acts on surface of liquid tends to minimise surface area
• Diffusion
• Solidification - conversion of liquid or gas to solid
• Crystallization - substance given definite form or shape
• Freezing - from liquid to solid
• Boiling - rapid passage of liquid to vapor state ; Vapor = gaseous state

Condensed state of matter having definite (fixed) shape and volume

• Melting - from solid to liquid
• Sublimation - solid to gas without passing through liquid state, result of absorption of heat

4th state of matter; refers to ionized gas; electrically conductive so it responds strongly to electromagnetic fields; properties unlike those of sloids, liquids, or gases, distinct state of matter; typically takes form of neutral gas-like clouds

most common phase of matter in universe, both by mass and by volume

Elements, compounds, mixtures

Simple (pure) substance that cannot be decomposed by ordinary chemical means, basics of which all matter is composed

Building blocks of all matter

Properties give them definite place on Periodic Table of Elements

Each element is represented by a symbol

First letter of name of element, or first two letters, or first letter and one other letter to suggest sound that is apparent in name

First letter is capitalized, second is not

Some based upon their Latin names

Substance consisting of two or more atoms combined chemically in definite proportions by mass

The more electropositive element named first, then add -ide or -ite, etc. to second

• Reactions known by equations (Na + Cl = NaCl)
• (2H + SO₄ = H₂SO₄)

Combination of symbols used to express chemical composition of substance; know compounds by the formula

Formula is Qualitative and Quantitative (what & how many) expression of compound

Yeilds hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution; donates proton, accepts pair of electrons; pH less than 7

Every acid has hydrogen

Yeilds hydroxide ions in aqueous solution; accepts proton, donates pair of electrons; pH more than 7

Every base has hydroxide

Group of substances that result from reaction between acids and bases other than water

NaCl - Neither one is H or OH

HCl+NaOH = NaCl+HOH

Compound consisting of oxygen combined with only one other element

Fe₂³⁺O_3^2- - CO₂ - CO

Combination of two or more substances not chemically united and in no definite proption by mass

• Air- gas in gas
• Embalming fluid - varies with formula, gas in liquid
• Blood - colloidal suspension
• Concrete - sand, gravel and portland cement

Ability of system or material to do work

Stored energy, energy at rest

Energy of body by virtue of its motion; speeding locomotive, an avalanche, falling water

Smallest particle (unit) of an element that has all properties of the element

Comprised of Protons⁺, Neurtons^+-, and Electrons

Change number of electrons and get ion of element; change number of neutrons and get isotope of element; cannot change number of protons and have same element

Number of protons determines element

Smallest unit of compound which can exist alone; aggregation of atams, specifically chemical combination of two or more atoms which form specific chemical substance

Smallest unit of compound that retains all properties of compound

Number used to represent number of electrons lost, gained or shared in chemical change

Atomic or molecular species with positive (cation) or negative (anion) electrical charge

Atom that has lost or gained electron

• Aluminum - Al
• Bromine - Br
• Calcium - Ca
• Carbon - C
• Chlorine - Cl
• Copper (element) - Cu
• Fluorine - F
• Helium - He
• Hydrogen - H
• Iodine - I
• Iron - Fe
• Mecury - Hg
• Nitrogen - N
• Oxygen - O
• Phosphorus - P
• Potassium - K
• Sodium - Na
• Sulfur - S

Charged entity consisting of only single atom; atom (single) that has lost or gained electron

Group of atoms that act as unit and possess charge; radical

• Ammonium - formula NH₄⁺¹
• Bicarbonate - formula HCO₃^-2
• Hydroxide - formula OH^-1
• Hypochlorite - formula OCl^-1
• Phosphate - formula PO₄^-3
• Sulfate - formula SO₄^-2

Homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dissolved in sufficient quantity of solvent

Substance (solid, liquid, gas) dissolved in solvent to form solution

Component of solution present in lesser amount

Substance which does the dissolving in solution

Component of solution present in greater amount

Water = universal solvent

Known (defined) by size of sloute particles

Mixture of two or more substances able to pass through semi permeable membrane

Size of solute particles is less than one nanometer; will never settle out of solution

Solution-like system in which size of solute particles is between 1 and 100 nanometers

Pass through filters but not membranes; will eventually settle out of solution

Mixture of solute and solvent in which size of solute particle is greater than 100 nanometers

Do not pass through filters or membranes

Ratio of solute to solvent

• Dilute
• Concentrated
• Saturated
• Unsaturated

Relatively small amount of solute

Relatively large amount of solute

Containing all of solute the solvent is able to hold at certain temp. and pressure; dynamic equilibrium ( as much going in as going out)

Less solute than can be held in solution by solvent; not holding max amount of solute; not saturated, may be dilute or concentrated

Index as opposed to %; mixing units of measurement

Percent by weight and by volume

Ratios (1:1000)

Difference in each starting solution compared to ending solution and cross to opposite starting solution

• 35% - 5 parts
• 10%
• 5% - 25 parts

Movement of molecules or other particles in solution from area of greater concentration to area of lesser concentration until uniform concentration is reached

Temperature - increase temp., increase rate of diffusion

Concentration of solute - more concentrated, more rapid diffusion

Size of molecular weight of solute - smaller molecule, faster diffuses

Agitation - stirring increase rate of diffusion; QSAD

Quantity Sufficient ADded

Passage of pure solvent from solution of lesser solute concentration to one of greater solute concentration when two solutions are separated by semipermeable membrane which selectively prevents passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to solvent

Lesser concentration of dissolved solute; RBC swell and burst (hemolysis)

Greater concentration of dissolved solute; RBC shrivel and shrink (crenation)

Equal concentration of dissolved solute; as much solution flows in as out

How well two substances mix; ability to go into solution

OIL RIG - Oxidation is Loss (of electron), Reduction is Gain (of electron)

Oxidation is a gain in positive valence, Reduction is gain in negative valence

• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Halogens
• Nitrogen
• Others

Most abundant element on earth's surface

Oxidizing agent is one being reduced; Reducing agent is one being oxidized

Combination of substance with oxygen or some other non metal; increase in oxidation number (gain positive valence); loss of electrons, electron donor

Decrease in oxidation number (increase negative valence); gain of electrons (electron receiver); combination of substance with hydrogen or some other metal

Rapid oxidation (burning) produces heat and light

No neutrons; most abundand element in universe

Salt formers; extremely poisonous

• Chlorine, fluorine, bromine, iodine - all 1 - oxidation state
• Excellent disinfectants
• Chlorine as bleaching agent, bleaches by oxidation

Most abundant element in earth's atmosphere; Nitorgen neutralizes aldehydes

Element marked by luster, malleability, ducility, conductivity or electricity and heat; form positive ions

Element that is not a metal; form negative ions

• Water (universal solvent)
• Ammonia

Most abundant compound on earth's surface

H₂O (emperical formula); pH of 7 (as much H as OH)

water has been removed

Condition of water which results from dissolved minerals and metallic ions such as calcium and magnesium

Temporary hardness if bicarbonate ions will boil away

Permanently hard if present as chlorides

Is chemical union between water and certain other substances when they crystallize; wet and gooey

Without water

Chemical reaction which substance is broken down or dissociated by water, reaction between salt and water to yeild an actid and base of unequal strengths (NaCl+HOH = NaOH+HCl)

Opposite of neutralization reaction

Breaking down by taking in element of water

Removal of water

Combine by taking water out

Stable compound; Ammonium ion (NH₄) not stable

Decomposition product of proteins

Neutralization with formaldehyde; results in urotropin (a.k.a methenamine & hexamethylenamine) C₆H₁₄N₄

Dissociation of substance in solution into ions

Atom that has gained or lost electron becoming charged particle

Yeilds hydrogen or hydronium ions in aqueous solution

Donates proton; accepts pair of electrons

Yeilds hydroxide ions in aqueous solution

Accepts proton; donates pair of electrons

Group of substances that result from reaction between acids and bases other than water

Product of neutralization reaction

Compound of 2 or more elements, neither one H or OH

Positively charged atom or group of atoms

Cathode = Negative charge (-) to attract positively charged ions

Negatively charged atom or group of atoms

Anode = Positive charge (+) to attract negatively charged ions

Scale of 1-14, 7 being neutral

As much acid as base" H - OH

Reaction of acid and base to produce salt and water

Property causes element to emit radiation from nucleus of atom

• Alpha particles
• Beta particles
• Gamma rays
• X-rays

• Curie
• Roentgen (R)
• Rad (radiation absorbed dose)
• Rem (radiation equivalent, man)

Unit of radiation

Number of nuclear disintegrations occurring per second

37 billion

37 million

37,000

X-rays and gamma rays only

Intensity of X-rays and gamma rays that produces 2 billion ion pairs in 1 ml. of air

Not used to measure radiation in tissues

Amount of radiation energy absorbed by tissue

Absorption of 100 ergs of energy per gram of tissue

Amount of radiation absorbed by human being

Ionizing radiation that has effect equal to absorption of 1 Roentgen

Geiger counter

Medically, diagnosis and treatment of disorders

Amount of time required for half of atoms in sample to decay

• Iodine-131
• Iodine-123
• Technetium-99m
• Cobalt-60
• Cobalt-57
• Phosphorus-32
• Radium-226
• Gold-198
• Strontium-89

Shielding, distance, limiting time of exposure

• Natural background radiation
• Medical radiation
• Radioactive wastes

Un-autopsied - 30 millicuries

Autopsied - 5 millicuries

Comnining capacity - will form 1,2 or 3 bonds (single, double or triple covalent bonds) with another carbon; will share four electrons with 2 - 4 other elements

C-C, C=C and C=_C (double and triple bonds less stable)

Possession by two or more distinct compounds of same molecular formula, each molecule having same number of atoms of each element but in different arrangement

Same molecular formula with different structural, physical arrangement

Existing in more than one elemental form, such as Coal, Diamond, and Graphite

• 1 Methyl
• 2 Ethyl
• 3 Propyl
• 4 Butyl
• 5 Pentyl

Alcohol group (in organic chemistry)

Combination of symbols used to express chemical composition of substance

Expressing number of atoms of each element present in molecule of substance, without indicating how they are linked

Whats's present and how many of each

C₂H₆O

Showing spatial relationship between substituent atoms in molecule; who's holding hands with who

• H H
• H-C - C - OH
• H H

Condensed version of structural formula written all on one line still showing relationship between substituents groups in molecule

CH₃CH₂OH; HCHO

Denotes class of compounds and includes functional group and symbol (R) denoting alkyal radical

Capital "R" = general formula

Alcohols

Acids

Aldehydes

Ethers

Ester

• Hydrocarbons
• Alcohols
• Aldehydes
• Ketones
• Carboxylic acids
• Esters
• Ethers
• Amines
• Amides
• Thioalcohols (Mercaptans)

Contains only carbon and hydrogen

May be Alophatic - straight chain, or Cyclic - circular

Only single bonds between carbons

• Alkanes
• Alkyl group
• Alkyl halide

Saturated hydrocarbon; single bonds only

Type formula - C_nH_2n+2 (N=Carbons). Multiply by 2, add 2 Hydrogens

• Methane - CH_4, simplest alkane, 1 carbon
• Ethane - C₂H₆, 2 carbon alkane
• Propane - C₃H_8, 3 carbon alkane

Monocalent radical of general formula C_nH_2n+1; alkane loses one hydrogne atom

CH_3- - simplest methy group

One or more halogen atoms attached; X represents alkyl halide

R-X = general formula (CH₂X₂ - Chloroform)

-ane Single bond

-ene Double bond

-yne Triple bond

Containing carbon and hydrogen, one or more double or triple bonds between two carbon atoms

• Alkenes
• Alkynes

Hydrocarbon containing double bond between carbons

Type formula - C_nH_2n (# carbons multiplied by 2 = # hydrocarbons)

Ethene - C₂H₄ - simplest alkene

Hydrocarbon containing triple bond between carbons

Type formula - C_nH_2n-2 (# carbons multiplied by 2, minus 2 = # hydrocarbons)

Ethyne (acetylene) - C₂H₂ - simplest alkyne

Special class of cyclic compounds containing benzene ring as parent structure

• Benzene
• Toluene

C₆H₆ - simplest form - six-sided surrounded by Hydrogen

Parent structure of all aromatic compounds

C₆H₅CH₃; methyl group (CH₃) replaced hydrogen

Methyl derivative of benzene

Containing one or more hydroxyl (-OH) group

General formula for monohydroxy alcohol is R-OH (R = hydrocarbon group)

Classification = Primary, Secondary, Tertiary

Functional group (OH) attached to hydrogen, or no more than one other carbon

• Methanol, methyl alcohol, wood alcohol (1 Carbon)
• Ethanol, ethyl alcohol, grain alcohol (2 Carbon)

Isopropyl alcohol (propanol), rubbing alcohol

Minimum or 3 carbons; acive group (-OH) attached to carbon attached to two other carbons

C-C-C-OH

Monohydroxy alcohol which hydroxyl group (-OH) is attached to carbon attached to three other carbons

Tertiary Butyl Alcohol - simplest

• CH
• CH₃ - C - CH₃
• OH

Same, Isosceles triangle

Iso - (propyl, pentyl, etc.); must be odd # of carbons with functional -OH group attached to middle carbon

• H OH H
• H - C - C - C - H
• H H H

Ethylene glycol - simplest

All glycols have 2 OH groups (antifreeze)

Glycerol

3 OH groups

• C - C - C
• OH OH OH

Sorbital (6 carbon)

6 OH groups; best humectant

• OH OH OH OH OH OH
• C - C - C - C - C - C

Excellent preservative, won't coagulate, simplest aromatic

• Meth - 1 Wood alcohol
• Eth - 2 Grain alcohol
• Prop - 3 Tri
• Butyl - 4 (any time after 1, usually 4 or more)
• Penytl - 5

Containing one or more -CHO groups

General formula - R-CHO (R = hydrocarbon or hydrogen)

Partial oxidation of primary alcohol like methanol

Methanal, formaldehyde, simplest

Ethanal

Benzaldehyde

Dialdehydes

Formula - HCHO

Preparation - methane oxidized to methanol (wood alcohol), methanal (formaldehyde), methanoic acid (formic), CO₂, H₂O, energy

• Colorless gas
• Irritating odor
• Soluble in water
• Readily oxidized to formic acid
• Polymerization to paraformaldehyde (paraform)
• Index
• Formaldehyde Strong Reducing Agent

Linking together of monomers to form polymer; HCHO in sold form

Strength of embalming fluids in 100 ml of solution; % HCHO in solution

Coagulated proteins

Disinfectant, Neutralized by Ammonia, Preservative

Inactivate active chemical groups of proteins and amino acids; inhibit decomposition; kill microorganisms; destroy odors and eliminate further formation; inactivate enzymes

Formaldehyde gas dissolved in water at highest concentration

37% by weight; 40% by volume

Acetaldehyde - 2 carbon (CH₃CHO)

Aromatic - 7 carbon

Benzene ring with aldehyde (-CHO) attached

Containing two aldehyde (-CHO) radicals

Glyoxal - 2 carbons

Glutaraldehyde - 5 carbon dialdehyde

2 carbon

Ethalene Glycol oxidized to Glyoxal

Simplest dialdehyde

5 carbon dialdehyde on ends of group; good disinfectant

Containing carbonyl group (C=O) whose carbon atom is joined to two other carbons; carbonyl group occurs within carbon chain

Partial oxidation of secondary alcohol; 3rd carbon in middle; solvents

one = ketone

General formula - R-CO-R

Propanone or acetone - simplest ketone

Ketone is last step in oxidation series for secondary alcohol

Containing carboxyl group OH (-COOH); very weak acids

Partial oxidation of aldehydes

General formula - R-COOH

Methanoic or formic acid (HCOOH)

Ethanioc or acetic acid; 2 carbon - CH₃COOH (vinegar)

oic = carboxylix acid

General formula RCOOR' (R is hydrocarbon or hydrogen, R' is hydrocarbon)

Formed from alcohol and organic (or carboxylic) acid by removal of water (dehydration synthesis)

Acid with alcohol

ate = ester

General formula - R-COO-R; fruity odor, masking agent

• Ethyl acetate (ethyl alcohol and acidic acid)
• Methyl salicylate (windergreen)

Making ester from alcohol and organic acid by removal of water

General formula - R-O-R' (R and R' are hydrocarbon formed by dehdration between two alcohols)

Alcohols and Ethers only structures without carbonyl carbon (C=O), no double bond

Diethyl ether (sleep); 4 carbon CH₃CH₂OCH₂CH₃

Containing Nitrogen; any group formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms by organic radicals

General formula for primary amines - R-NH₂

Properties - Alkaline (basic), Disagreeable odor, Decomposition products of protein

Neutralizes formaldehyde

Methyl amine (CH₃NH₂) - simplest amine

Quaternary ammonium compounds

"Surface-active agents", counter top or surface of body

Disinfection of skin, oral and nasal cavities and instruments; topical disinfectant

Derived from ammonia by substitution of carbonyl group (C=O, double bonded oxygen) for hydrogen, or from acid by replacing -OH group by amino group (-NH₂)

Decomposition of proteins

HCOOH + NH₃ = HCONH₂

General formula - R-CONH-R

• Dimethylformamide - solvent for chemical reactions
• Urea - simple amide

General formula - R-SH

Similar to alcohol which oxygen of hydroxyl group is replaced by sulfur (-SH); Sulfur containing compounds products of decomposition

Disulfide - H - S - S - H or R - S - S - R'

C, H, and O in all cases, aldehyde or ketone derivative of polyhydroxy alcohol

Sugars, starches, glycogen

Cellulose

Complex carbohydrate, most abundant compound in biosphere

-ose = sugar

Monosaccharides

Disaccharides

Polysaccharides

Simple sugars; final hydrolytic products of polysaccharides or complex sugars

Final oxidation - CO₂ + H₂O + Energy

• Aldose
• Ketose
• Pentose
• Hexose

Monosaccharide sugar; hydroxyl (-OH) and aldehyde (-CHO) on end carbon

Monosaccharide sugar; hydroxyl (-OH) and ketone C=O attached to secondary carbon

Monosaccharide sugar; 5 carbon sugar molecule

Monosaccharide sugar; 6 carbon sugar molecule; most abundant type of sugar

• Glucose - molecular formula C₆H₁₂O₆; Aldose sugar
• Fructose - fruit sugar

Two monosaccharide units

Molecular formula - C₁₂H₂₂O₁₁ (water taken out); Hydrolyze to yeild 2 monosaccharides (2 C₆H₁₂O₆)

• Sucrose - table sugar (mixture glucose & fructose)
• Lactose - milk sugar

Number of simple sugar molecules; Starches and cellulose; many sub-units

• Starch - plants store energy as starch
• Glycogen - animal starch; chains of alpha glucose molecules (Humans store sugar as glycogen)
• Cellulose - most abundant compound in biosphere

Polysaccharide; most abundant compound in biosphere

Structural substance of plants, not affected by enzymes (cannont be digested by humans)

Final Hydrolysis Products - Monosaccharides

Final oxide - CO₂ + H₂O and energy

Fermentation - Decomposition

Anaerobic process takes place in presence of enzyme (generally from yeast); C₆H₁₂O_{6 -} C₂H₆O [CH₃CH₂OH (Ethyl alcohol)]

Chemical reactions induced by living nonliving ferments that split complex organic compounds into relatively simple substances

Anaerobic conversion of sugar to carbon dioxide and alcohol by yeast

C, H, O in all cases

Fats, Oils, and Waxes

Simple and Compound lipids

Hydrolytic products are fatty acids & alcohols

Triglyceride;

Hydrolytic products - 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acid

Final oxidation - CO₂, H₂O, Energy

Fats - semi-soild; Oil - liquid; Wax - solid

Lipoproteins - proteins contain fat

Emulsification

Final Hydrolytic - 1 Glycerol, 3 fatty acids

Final Oxidation - CO₂, H₂O, Energy

Saponification

Triacylglycerol that is semisolid or solid at room temp., contains high percentage of saturated fatty acids; Animals

Triacylglycerol that is liquid at room temp., contains high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids; Plants main source

Mixing two insoluble liquids; break down large molecule into small ones that are suspended in solution

Produced in liver, stored in gall bladder; holds fats in solution

Reaction between fat and stron base to produce glycerol and salt of fatty acid (soap); soap formation; Adipocere

Gravewax - wax-like material produced by saponification of body fat in body buried in alkaline soil; more corpulent person, greater effect

Lipid formed from combination of unsaturated and/or saturated fatty acids and high-molecular-weight alcohols (not glycerol)

Solid at room temp.

1 monohydroxy alcohol, 1 fatty acid

Lipid whose hydrolytic producs are fatty acids, alcohol, and other substances

C, H, O, S and P (Sulfur and Phosphorus)

Biological compound that is polymer of many amino acids; most abundant compound in body (other than water); Glycoproteins

C, H, O, N in all cases

Final hydrolytic products - Amino Acids

Final Oxidation - CO₂, H₂O, N (Nitrogenous products), Energy

Proteins that contain carbohydrates

Building blocks of proteins; compound containing amino group (-NH₂), carboxyl (-COOH [C=O)], and radical

Glycine - simplest

Properties of amino acids - Amphoteric, Allotropism

Compound that can act as both acid and base

Ammonia (NH₂) is basic while COOH is Acidic

Existence of element in two or more distinct forms

Substances in solution capable of neutralizing both acids and bases, thereby maintaining original (or constant) pH of solution

Protiens act as buffers in aqueous solution

Dehydration reaction between amino group on one amino acid with carboxyl (organic acid) group on other amino acid

Holds amino acids together in protein; hooks amino end to carboxyl end of different amino acid

Dipeptide - 2 amino acids hooked together

• Imbibition
• Coagulation
• Final Hydrolysis Products - Amino Acids
• Deamination
• Decarboxylation

Swelling and softening of tissues and organs as result of absorbing moisture from adjecent sources; Hold in water

Imbibe - to drink

Proteins have ability to hold large amount of water

Converting soluble protein to insoluble protein by heating or contact with chemical such as alcohol or aldehyde

Removal of amino (-NH₂) group from compound (amino acid)

Removal of carboxyl (-COOH) group from compound (amino acid); cannot preserve at this point of decomp.

Protein acts as biological catalyst; Organic catalysts produced by living organisms

-ase = enzymes

Autolysis - self-digestion

Substance that changes rate of chemical reaction but undergoes no net change intself during reaction

Catalyst of plant or animal origin

Protein constitution - made of protien

Specificity - Very; act on one substrate only

High temp. coagulates

Chemically labile (denaturation)

Disruption and breakdown (unfolding) of secondary structure of protein by heat of chemicals; ruins

Self- digestion or self-destruction of body by autolytic enzymes; Enzymes are necessary for body to eat itself