Bio final

C is the correct answer

is necessary before concluding that a given set of results is correct

the information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein

allow rejection of a hypotheses when contradictory evidence emerges

the structure and function of DNA

Protista

Kingdom Plantae- terrestrial multicellular eukaryotes that carry out photosynthesis

Kingdom fungi- eukaryotes that derive nutrients from the outside of their body.

Protist- unicellular eukaryotes and some relatively small multicellular relatives

Kingdom animialia- multicellular organism that digest other organisms

prokaryotes

false. conditions have no effect; only concentration of signaling molecules ables qoutem sensing

messenger molecules that travel only short distances

false. The ability of a cell to respond to a signal depends on whether or not it has a receptor specific to that signal

discovered how epinephrine acts on cells, suggesting that cells receiving signals went through three processes

ligand

water-soluble signal molecules

• – G protein-coupled receptors
• – Receptor tyrosine kinases
• – Ion channel receptors

• • the largest family of cell-surface receptors
• • A GPCR is a plasma membrane receptor that works with the help of a G protein
• • The G protein acts as anon/off switch: If GDP isbound to the G protein, the G protein is inactiv

• • Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are membrane receptors that attach phosphates to tyrosines
• • A receptor tyrosine kinase can trigger multiple signal transduction pathways at once
• • Abnormal functioning of RTKs is associated with many types of cancer

• • A ligand-gated ion channel receptor acts as a gate when the receptor changes shape
• • When a signal molecule binds as a ligand to the receptor, the gate allows specific ions, such as Na+or Ca2+, through a channel in the recepto

both

true

Examples of hydrophobic messengers are the steroid and thyroid hormones of animal

yes

• • Multistep pathways can amplify a signal: A few molecules can produce a large cellular response
• • Multistep pathways provide more opportunities for coordination and regulation of the cellular respons

false. proteins are the molecules most of the time

transfer phosphates from ATP to protein, a process called phosphorylation

remove the phosphates from proteins, a process called dephosphorylation

extracellular signal molecule (ligand) that binds to the receptor

small, nonprotein, watersoluble molecules or ions that spread throughout a cell by diffusion

initiated by GPCRs and RTK

Cyclic AMP and calcium ions

an enzyme in the plasma membrane, converts ATP to cAMP in response to an extracellular signal

protein kinase A

G-protein systems

Calcium is an important second messenger because cells can regulate its concentration

inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacylglycerol (DAG)

true

true

programmed or controlled cell suicide

Components of the cell are chopped up and packaged into vesicles that are digested by scavenger cells

Apoptosis prevents enzymes from leaking out of a dying cell and damaging neighboring cells

Caspases

• – An extracellular death-signaling ligand
• – DNA damage in the nucleus
• – Protein misfolding in the endoplasmic reticulu

Parkinson’s, cancer, and Alzheimer

true

regulates development and is responsible for differences in cell types

regulating gene expression in eukaryote

the developmental programs of animal

cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis

the process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

The physical processes that give an organism its shape constitute

Differential gene expression

false. unevenly

maternal substances in the egg that influence early development

true

signal molecules from embryonic cells cause transcriptional changes in nearby target cells

true

commits a cell to its final fate

the production of tissue-specific protein

produce muscle-specific proteins and form skeletal muscle cells

• one of several “master regulatory genes” that produce proteins that commit the cell to becoming skeletal muscle
• • The MyoD protein is a transcription factor that binds to enhancers of various target gene

• the development of a spatial organization of tissues and organs
• • In animals, pattern formation begins with the establishment of the major axe

the molecular cues that control pattern formation, tells a cell its location relative to the body axes and to neighboring cell

Drosophila melanogaster

false. not in humans

control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult stages

causing death during embryogenesi

encode for cytoplasmic determinants that initially establish the axes of the body of Drosophila

they control orientation of the egg and consequently the fly

catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA

consist of a variety of proteins and several small nuclear ribonucleoproteins(snRNPs) that recognize the splice sites

removes introns and joins exons, creating an mRNA molecule with a continuous coding sequence

noncoding regions eventually expressed, usually translated into amino acid sequence

These noncoding regions are called intervening sequence

transfer RNA (tRNA)

amino acids to the growing polypeptide in a ribosom

• – Initiation
• – Elongation
• – Termination

false. all tree

nondisjunction

inversion

turner's syndrome; XO

true

Helicase

heterochromatin

5' to 3'

Transformation

Something along the lines of

introns

uag uga uaa

silent mutation

TATA BOX