Hist 251

Creole military commander in Mexico who first fights for the royalists but later switches sides after uniting with Vicente Guerrero under the Plan de Iguala. After independence he is crowned the first emperor of Mexico, but he is deposed and executed after less than a year.

Explorer and scientist in Louisiana (where he was also governor) and Peru

Royal monopoly

Jose de Sucre leads a combined contingent of Argentine, Colombian, Peruvian, Chilean, and Venezuelan forces to defeat the royalist army in the Peruvian highlands. Seen as clinching independence for Spanish America, though Bolivia was yet to be liberated.

fought during the Chilean War of Independence, occurred on February 12, 1817. The Army of the Andes of the United Provinces of the Río de la Plata led by GeneralCaptain José de San Martín defeated the Spanish force led by Rafael Maroto. It was a defeat for the Captain Generalcy of Chile, the Spain-controlled government established after the division of the Viceroyalty of Peru.

Was one of the pivotal battles of the early Mexican War of Independence. It was fought between the insurgent troops of Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla and Ignacio Allende against the royalist troops of General Torcuato Trujillo in the Sierra de las Cruces mountains between Mexico City and Toluca. The battle marks the furthest advance of the first rebel campaign, before Hidalgo decided to retreat towards Guadalajara, and not attack Mexico City, despite the fact that he won the battle. The battlefield is now located in the La Marquesa National Park, which is officially called the Miguel Hidalgo National Park in honor of the event.

Founding father of Chile. Led the rebel army, eventually teamed up with San Martin to finally win it.

The most active and capable of the Spanish Bourbon monarchs, presided over many of the reforms.

He was overthrown by the Napoleonic Invaision

Joint-stock companies created to develop Brazil.

Napoleon could not compete with British naval power, so he enforced a system of trade that was meant to keep Europe trading mainly within Europe, cutting much of England’s economic power and enriching France. Smuggling is rampant and the system fails.

First emperor of Brazil, declares independence. Eventually forced to abdicate and sent back to Portugal.

“El Deseado” Prince of Spain forced into captivity by Napoleon. Many of Spanish America’s revolutions were done in his name. Juntas formed under the auspices of ruling for him while he was in captivity, though this was often a guise.

“the precursor” Radical Venezuelan who leads the first revolts for independence there. After traveling around Europe and being exposed to the radical Enlightenment there (especially during the French Revolution) he returned to Venezuela and stages the revolts. He was eventually captured and kept imprisoned by Spain until he died.

September 16, 1810. Miguel Hidalgo reads a proclamation calling the indigenous people to rise up and throw off the yoke of the Spaniards. It had been intended to take place a few months later, but the conspiracy was discovered and had to be implemented early.

unsuccessful Brazilian independence movement, 1789.

Caudillo in eastern Venezuela, mulatto. Fought under Bolivar, later made governor of Venezuela. His desire for greater control there was partly responsible for the breakup of Gran Colombia.

Visitador and later viceroy of Mexico. Father of many of the Bourbon reforms there.

Argentine patriot who led the liberation of Chile and Lima.

Bolivar’s most trusted general. Leads the troops during the battle of Ayacucho and during the liberation of Upper Peru, for which he is made first president of Bolivia (whose capital is now named for him)

Uruguayan criminal-turned patriot. Considered Uruguay’s founding father

Mexican rebel leader. Priest, mulatto, commoner