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Define Evolution:
- Descent with modification
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- The idea that living species are descendents of ancestral species that were different from the present day ones
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- The change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation.
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Define Ecology:
The study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment
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List the levels of biological classification:
Domain > Kingdom > Phylum > Class > Order > Family > Genus > Species
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List the levels of biological organization:
Atom > Molecule > Cell Organelle > Cell > Tissue > Organ > Organ System > Organism > Populations > Communities > Ecosystems > Biome > Biosphere
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The Scope of Ecology:
Ecology is the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and the environment.
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Organismal Ecology:
Studies how an organism's structure, physiology, and behavior meet environmental challenges.
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Population Ecology:
Group of the same species living in an area.
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Community Ecology:
Group of populations of different species in an area.
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Ecosystem Ecology:
Community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which they interact.
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Landscape Ecology:
A mosaic of connected ecosystems.
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Global Ecology:
The biosphere is the sum of all the planet's ecosystems.
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Define Biotic Factors:
- A living component of the environment studied.
- Predation
- Competition
- Symbiosis
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Define Abiotic Factors:
- A non-living component of the environment studied.
- Temperature
- Water
- Sunlight
- Wind
- Rocks
- Soil
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Community Interactions:
- Relationships between species in a community.
- Can affect the survival and reproduction of each species.
- Summarized as positive (+) and negative (-) or no effect (O).
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Examples of Community Interactions:
- Competition
- Predation
- Herbivory
- Symbiosis (parasitism, mutualism, and commensalism)
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Interspecific Competition:
(-/-) Occurs when different species compete for a resource in short supply.
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Intraspecific Competition:
(-/-) Occurs when members of the same species compete for a resource in short supply.
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Competitive Exclusion:
- Local elimination of a competing species.
- via strong competition.
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The competitive exclusion principle states that:
Two species competing for the same limiting resources cannot coexist in the same place.
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Species' Ecological Niche:
- The total of a species' use of biotic and abiotic resources.
- Similar species can coexist in a community if there are significant differences in their niches.
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Resource Partitioning:
- Differentiation of ecological niches, enabling similar species to coexist in a community.
- May lead to a difference in fundamental and realized niches.
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Fundamental Niche:
- The niche potentially occupied by a species if no competition is present.
- Larger
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Realized Niche:
- The portion of the fundamental niche that a species actually occupies in a particular environment.
- Smaller
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Sympatric Population:
Two populations occupying the same geographic area.
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Allopatric Population:
Two populations occupying geographically separated areas.
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Character Displacement:
Tendency for characteristics to be more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.
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Predation:
- (+/-) Interaction where the predator kills and eats the prey.
- Adaptations of predators are claws, teeth, fangs, stingers, poison, etc.
- Behavioral defenses include hiding, fleeing, forming herds or schools, self-defense, alarm calls, etc.
- Also have morphological and physiological defense adaptations.
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Cryptic Coloration:
Camouflage.
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Aposematic Coloration:
- Warning of chemical defenses.
- Super effective agasint Predators.
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Batesian Mimicry:
A palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful model.
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Mullerian Mimicry:
Two or more unpalatable species resemble each other.
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Herbivory:
- (+/-) Interaction in which an herbivore eats parts of a plant or alga.
- It has led to evolution of plant mechanical and chemical defenses and adaptations by herbivores.
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Symbiosis:
A relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another.
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Parasitism:
- (+/-) the parasite derives nourishment from its host which is harmed in the process.
- Some parasites have complex life cycles involving numerous hosts
- Some can change behaviour of the host.
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Endoparasite
Live within the body of their host.
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Ectoparasite:
Live on the external surface of a host.
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Mutualistic Symbiosis:
(+/+) Mutualism, is an interspecific interaction that benefits both species.
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The Two types of mutualism:
- Obligate - one species cannot survive without the other.
- Facultative - both species can survive alone.
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Commensalism:
(+/O) One species benefits and the other is apparently unaffected.
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Trophic Structure:
The feeding relationships between organisms in a community.
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Food Chains:
Link trophic levels from producers to top carnivores.
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Food Web:
- Branching food chain with complex trophic interactions.
- Species may play a role at more than one trophic level.
- Food webs can be simplified by isolating a portion that interacts very little with the rest.
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