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The flashcards below were created by user
phreddie
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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matter
the stuff that makes the universe is composed of
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elements
- substances that only contain ONE type of atom
- ex: P
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compounds
substances that are made by bonding (chemicaly) DIFFERENT atoms together in specific amounts
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molocules
a collection of atoms bonded together as a unit
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physical change
change that does not effect the composition of a substance
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chemical change
a change in which a substance becomes a different substance
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mixture
a substnace with variable composition
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pure substances
- always have the same composition
- (cannot be physically separated into physical parts)
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distilation
separation process that depends on the boiling point of substances
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filtration
separation of a solid and a liquid by using filter paper
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proton
- +1 charge
- located in nucleus
- 1 AMU
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electron
- -1 charge
- in electron cloud
- 0 AMU
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neutron
- 0 charge
- located in nucleus
- 1 AMU
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isotopes
atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons
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Radioactive decay
radioactive isotopes that have an unstable nuclei that emist particles means that the isotope is going through...
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alpha particle reduction
a helium nucleus is produced in this type of radioctive decay
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beta particle reduction
- high speed electrons are produced from the nulceus
- (add a proton)
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gama ray relesase
a high enery pronton of light compostion id produces in this type of radioactive decay
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fission
the process of slpitting a heavy nucleus into 2 or more stable nuclei with a smaller mass is produced in this tyoe of nuclear energy production
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fusion
the process of combining 2 light nuclei to form a heavier more stable nucleus (nuclear energy production)
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diatomic molocules
- hydrogen
- oxygen
- nitrogen
- flourine
- chlorine
- bromine
- iodine
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dmitri mendeleev
arranged elements in the periodic table based on similar properties
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allotrope
different structural modification of an element
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valence electrons
electrons located in the outermost shell of an element molocule or compound
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cations
(positive) metals that tend to lose one or more electrons to form positive ions
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anions
(negative) nonmetals that tend to gain 1 or more electrons
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half life
the time required for 1/2 of the original sample of radiocative nuclides to decay
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acid
a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution
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formula unit
the formula unit shows the elements present in the smallest whole number ratios
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molecular formula
formula unit that shows the acutal numbers of atoms in a molocule
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formula mass
mass in atomic units (AMU) of an ionic compunds empirical formula
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molecular mass
mass in atomic units (amu) of a molecular compound's molecular formula
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molar mass
mass in grams of 1 mole
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conversion poathway
mass<-->moles<-->particles
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percent composition
- percent of a compounds mass made up of its constituent elements
- part over whole * 100
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empirical formula
lowest whole # ratio of atoms in a formula unit (ionic)
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3 steps to solve empirical formulas
- 1. the % becomes the mass amount
- 2. convert grams to moles for esch element
- find the lowest whole # ratio by dividing by the smallest amound or #
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hydrates
a molocule that contains some type of water
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4 signs of a chemical reaction
- emmision of gas
- color change
- frmation of precipitate
- energy in form of light/heat
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why chemical reactions occur
- formations of a solid
- formation of water
- transfer of electrons
- formation of gas
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storng acid
an acid in which virtually every mollocule dissociates in water to create an H+ ion and an anion
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strong base
a metal hydroxide that is completely soluble in watergiving separate OH- ions and cations
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single displacment
a single atom reacts with a compound and replaves one of the elements in the compound
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double displacment
2 ionic compounds exchange ions to form new compounds
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combustion reactions
a chemical reaction involving oxygen as a reactant that produces enough heat that a flame results
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synthesis
a chem reaction in which a compound is formed from simpler materials
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decomposition
single reactent is broken down into 2 or more simple compounds or elements
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stoichiometry
relative quantaties of reactants and products involved in the reaction
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mole ratio
this is indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation
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steps to solve a stoichiometry problem
- 1. write a balanced equation
- 2. identify knowns and unknowns
- 3. use fence and rail
- 4. check answer
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limiting reactant
determines how much of each product can be made
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excess reactant
this is added to ensure that the other reactant is completly used up
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steps to solving a limiting reactant
- 1. recognize the limitiong reactant
- 2. perform a gram-to-gram stoichiometry problem on the first reactant
- 3. repeat on second reactant
- 4. look at which calculation gave you the least ammount of product formed
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theoretical yiled
ammount of product that shoule be make with an equation
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actual yield
the amount of a product actually produced
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percent yield
percent for theoretical yiled actualy produced
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Hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)
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