honors chem sem. 1 final

the stuff that makes the universe is composed of

• substances that only contain ONE type of atom
• ex: P

substances that are made by bonding (chemicaly) DIFFERENT atoms together in specific amounts

a collection of atoms bonded together as a unit

change that does not effect the composition of a substance

a change in which a substance becomes a different substance

a substnace with variable composition

• always have the same composition
• (cannot be physically separated into physical parts)

separation process that depends on the boiling point of substances

separation of a solid and a liquid by using filter paper

• +1 charge
• located in nucleus
• 1 AMU

• -1 charge
• in electron cloud
• 0 AMU

• 0 charge
• located in nucleus
• 1 AMU

atoms with the same # of protons but different # of neutrons

radioactive isotopes that have an unstable nuclei that emist particles means that the isotope is going through...

a helium nucleus is produced in this type of radioctive decay

• high speed electrons are produced from the nulceus
• (add a proton)

a high enery pronton of light compostion id produces in this type of radioactive decay

the process of slpitting a heavy nucleus into 2 or more stable nuclei with a smaller mass is produced in this tyoe of nuclear energy production

the process of combining 2 light nuclei to form a heavier more stable nucleus (nuclear energy production)

• hydrogen
• oxygen
• nitrogen
• flourine
• chlorine
• bromine
• iodine

arranged elements in the periodic table based on similar properties

different structural modification of an element

electrons located in the outermost shell of an element molocule or compound

(positive) metals that tend to lose one or more electrons to form positive ions

(negative) nonmetals that tend to gain 1 or more electrons

the time required for 1/2 of the original sample of radiocative nuclides to decay

a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution

HCl

H₂SO₄

HNO₃

H₃PO₄

HC₂H₃O₂

the formula unit shows the elements present in the smallest whole number ratios

formula unit that shows the acutal numbers of atoms in a molocule

mass in atomic units (AMU) of an ionic compunds empirical formula

mass in atomic units (amu) of a molecular compound's molecular formula

mass in grams of 1 mole

mass<-->moles<-->particles

• percent of a compounds mass made up of its constituent elements
• part over whole * 100

lowest whole # ratio of atoms in a formula unit (ionic)

• 1. the % becomes the mass amount
• 2. convert grams to moles for esch element
• find the lowest whole # ratio by dividing by the smallest amound or #

a molocule that contains some type of water

• emmision of gas
• color change
• frmation of precipitate
• energy in form of light/heat

• formations of a solid
• formation of water
• transfer of electrons
• formation of gas

an acid in which virtually every mollocule dissociates in water to create an H⁺ ion and an anion

• HCl
• HNO₃
• H₂NO₃

a metal hydroxide that is completely soluble in watergiving separate OH^- ions and cations

• NaOH
• KOH

a single atom reacts with a compound and replaves one of the elements in the compound

2 ionic compounds exchange ions to form new compounds

a chemical reaction involving oxygen as a reactant that produces enough heat that a flame results

a chem reaction in which a compound is formed from simpler materials

single reactent is broken down into 2 or more simple compounds or elements

relative quantaties of reactants and products involved in the reaction

this is indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation

• 1. write a balanced equation
• 2. identify knowns and unknowns
• 3. use fence and rail
• 4. check answer

determines how much of each product can be made

this is added to ensure that the other reactant is completly used up

• 1. recognize the limitiong reactant
• 2. perform a gram-to-gram stoichiometry problem on the first reactant
• 3. repeat on second reactant
• 4. look at which calculation gave you the least ammount of product formed

ammount of product that shoule be make with an equation

the amount of a product actually produced

percent for theoretical yiled actualy produced

• CN
• -1

• O₂
• -2

• M₂O₄
• -1

• OH
• -1

• NH₄
• +1

• C₂H₃O₂
• -1

• HCO₃
• -1

• CO₃
• -2

• ClO₄
• -1

• ClO
• -1

• ClO₂
• -1

• Cr₂O₇
• -2

• CrO₇
• -2

• NO₃
• -1

• NO₂
• -1

• HPO₄
• -2

• H₂PO₄
• -2

• PO₄
• -3

• SO₄
• -2

• SO₃
• -2

• HSO₄
• -1