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Enzootic
endemic to certain animal populations
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Epizootic
epidemic proportions among animals - increases chance humans become infected
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Type: Virus
Vector: Direction transmission through saliva
Hosts: Large host range
Presentation: excitation, anxiety, hydrophobia.
Diagnosis: negri bodies and RT-PCR.
Treatment: Vaccine (preventative) and immune globulin
Rhabdovirus (Rabies)
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Type: Virus
Vector: Rodents' droppings (direct transmission)
Hosts: Rodents, humans
Presentation: Respiratory and cardiac distress; shock and kidney failure. Fever, muscle pain, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, capillary leakage.
Diagnosis: ELISA for antibodies; PCR for viral pressence.
Treatment: None.
Hantavirus with HPS (Hantavirus pumonary syndrome) or HFRS (Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome)
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Type: Virus
Vector: Fluids from mammals (Direct)
Hosts: Monkeys and unidentified original hosts
Presentation: Fever, diarrhea, vomitting, internal and external bleeding.
Diagnosis: (Probably ELISA and PCR - not stated in notes)
Treatment: None
Marburg (vecor - monkeys) and Ebloa (vector - unknown)
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Body Lice (direct - arthropod)
Hosts: Humans (Maybe others)
Presentation: Fever, headache, weakness, rash everywhere except face, palms and soles.
Diagnosis: Observation of bacteria and rash.
Treatment: Tetracycline and chloramphenicol.
Typhus
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Tick (arthropod - direct)
Hosts: Humans (maybe others)
Presentation: Fever, severe headache, rash over whole body, spots.
Diagnosis: Observation of bacteria and rash.
Treatment: Tetracycline and chloramphenicol.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Tick (direct - arthropod)
Hosts: Humans, deers, rodents
Presentation: Flu-like symptoms, decreased WBC (leukopenia), change in liver function, mild rash.
Diagnosis: Observation of WBCs.
Treatment: Doxycycline.
Ehrlichosis (HME - human monocytic erlichosis or HGA - human granulocytic anaplasmosis)
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Tick (direct - arthropod)
Hosts: deer, humans, rodents.
Presentation: acute-headache, backache, chills, fatigue, bullseye rash.
Diagnosis: Observation, ELISA, Western blot and PCR.
Treatment: Preventative (DEET) and vaccine (withdrawn from market). Antibiotics post infection.
Lyme disease.
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Flea (direct - arthropod)
Hosts: Rodents, accidental humans
Presentation: Swollen lymph nodes, gangrene, hemorrhaging.
Diagnosis: (none statded, would guess ELISA, PCR observation)
Treatment: Antibiotics
Plague (Bubonic, pneumonic (more lethal), sylvatic (present in US))
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Type: Virus
Vector: Mosquito
Hosts: Humans, horses, birds
Presentation: Fever, headache, nausea
Diagnosis: ELISA
Treatment: None for humans (vaccine for horses)
West Nile Virus
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Type: Virus
Vector: Mosquito
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Sever bone and joint pain, high fever, headache malaise. Second exposure - homorrhagic.
Diagnosis: (ELISA? PCR?)
Treatment: None
Dengue Fever
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Type: Virus
Vector: Mosquito
Hosts: Monkeys, humans.
Presentation: Fever, nausea, vomitting (black), jaundice, hemorrhagic.
Diagnosis: (ELISA?, PCR?)
Treatment: Vaccine.
Yellow Fever
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Type: Protozoa
Vector: Mosquito
Hosts: Mosquitos and humans.
Presentation: Cycles of chills and high fever.
Diagnosis: Blood smear, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: Quinine, Primaquine, Sickle-cell. Prevention with bed nets, DDT, prophylitic drugs.
Malaria
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Mosquito
Hosts: Humans and mosquitos
Presentation: Blocked lymph nodes.
Diagnosis: (Observation? blood smears?)
Treatment: Anti-worm drugs.
Lymphatic filariasis (elephantitis)
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Type: Protozoa
Vector: Sand flies
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Skin lesions, systemic lesions.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Drugs available with side effects.
Leishmaniasis
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Deer flies
Hosts: Human eyes.
Presentation: Worm in your eye, no blindness.
Diagnosis: THERE IS A WORM IN YOUR EYE.
Treatment: (? I'd assume drugs)
Loaisis
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Blackflies
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Blindness.
Diagnosis: Blindness (Bloodsmears? ELISA?)
Treatment: Drugs available if cought before blind.
River Blindness
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Type: Protozoa.
Vector: Tsetse fly
Hosts: Humans
Presntation: Fever, headache, swollen lymph nodes (back and neck)
Diagnosis: Bloodsmear.
Treatment: Toxic drugs.
African Sleeping Sickness
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Type: Protozoa.
Vector: Kissing bug
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Mild initially, chronic leads to heart failure.
Diangosis: Lesions on heart (Blood smear?)
Treatment: Drugs are effective during initial exposure.
Chagas disease
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Type: Fungal
Vector: Soil
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: White patches in mouth and on tongue.
Diagnosis: (Culture?)
Treatment: Anti-fungals.
- Thrush (also similar ones are vaginitis, and yellow nails)
- Be familiar with ringworm, athlete's foot, madura food)
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Type: Bacteria exotoxin.
Vector: Soil
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Muscle cramping, lockjaw.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Vaccine (preventative). Antibiotics and anti-toxins not very effective (post-exposure)
Tetanus
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Type: Bacteria enterotoxin.
Vector: Water
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Watery diarrhea.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Replace water and electroylytes. Antibiotics ineffective, vaccine only carries short term immunity.
Cholera
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Water (Spec. AC units)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Mild 'Pontiac fever,' pneumonia in immunocompromized (old and young)
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Antiobiotics via IV
Legionnaire's Diesase
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Water (Fecal to oral)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: ~4 week long GI problems.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Vaccine, antibiotics
Typhoid
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Type: Protozoa, resistnt to chlorine
Vector: Water (Fecal to oral)
Hosts: Humans (mammals)
Presentation: Cysts on intestinal wall, explosive foul smelling diarrhea, cramps, malaise. No blood or mucus in stool.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Drugs
Giardiasis
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Type: Protozoa resistant to chlorine
Vector: Water (1/2 waterborn outbreaks)
Hosts: Humans (mammals?)
Presentation: Mild dairrhea for 2 weeks, immunocompromised can be fatal.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Drugs
Cryptosporidosis
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Type: Protozoa
Vector: Water in tropics (fecal to oral).
Hosts: Humans (mammals?)
Presentation: 30+ bowel movements a day.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Drugs available, replace water and electrolytes.
Amoebiasis
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Type: Protozoa
Vector: Water and soil.
Hosts: Humans (enters nose, migrates to brain)
Presentation: SHITS IN YO BRAIN.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: (Drugs?) Lethal within a week.
Meningoencephalitis
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Water, snails.
Hosts: Humans, snails.
Presentation: Bloody urine, inflamation.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: (?)
Schistosomiasis
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Type: Helminth (Copepods)
Vector: Water
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Blisters with adult worms.
Diagnosis: Blisters with adult worms.
Treatment: No drugs or vaccine, filter drinking water (Carter)
Guinae Worm
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Type: Bacteria (enterotoxin)
Vector: Food (custard, creams, meats)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Nausea, vomitting, diarrhea for 48 hours 1-6 hours post ingestion.
Diagnosis: Culturing, Immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: Self-limitting.
Staphylococcal food poisoning
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Type: Bacteria (Enterotoxin)
Vector: Food (meat, poultry, fish)
Hosts: Humans
Presenation: Diarrhea, cramping, NO vomitting 7-15 hours after ingestion.
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: Self-limitting.
C. perfringes poisoning
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Type: Bacteria (Enterotoxin)
Vector: Uncooked processed food (Canned corn, honey)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Neurotoxin effects, can be lethal in infants
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: (?)
C. botulinum poisoning
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Food (fecal to oral), poultry, eggs
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Fever, vomitting, diarrhea 8-48 hours after ingestion.
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: Selflimitting in 48 hours, antibiotics if septic.
Salmonellosis (Infection)
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Type: Bacteria (Enterotoxins)
Vector: Food (Hamburger and spinach)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Bloody diarrhea, kidney failure.
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: (?)
E. Coli O157:H7 infection
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Type: Bacteria
Vector: Food (poultry, pork, raw shellfish, water)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Fever, malaise, watery and bloody stool for 7-10 days.
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: (?)
Campylobacter infection (Most common infection in US)
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Type: Bacteria (psychrotolerant)
Vector: Food (Cold cuts, upasteurized dairy)
Hosts: Humans
Presenation: Eldery and immunosupressed most susceptible
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: (?)
Listeriosis infection
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Type: Virus
Vector: Food on cruise ships
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: 24 hours bug
Diagnosis: (ELISA? PCR?)
Treatment: None
Norwalk like virus infection
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Type: Protozoa
Vector: Cat feces, undercooked meat.
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Mild GI. Fetus greatly impacted.
Diagnosis: Culturing, immunoassays, PCR.
Treatment: (?)
Toxoplasmosis food infection
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Food (Pork)
Hosts: Humans
Presentation: Intestinal blockage.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: Surgical removal.
Pork tapeworm food infection
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Type: Helminth
Vector: Food (prok, venison, game)
Hosts: Human muscle
Presentation: Food poisoning, muscle pain.
Diagnosis: (?)
Treatment: (?) Most adults have anitbodies
Trichinosis food infection
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Hookworms, pinworms, heartworm.
Clasified as roundworm, can be a result of food infection.
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Bioconversion/Biotransformations
Use of microbes to reduce the cost of chemical synthesis
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Bioremediation
Use of natural or genetically engineered microbes to transform harmful substances into less toxic or non-toxic ones.
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Yeast used in bread and beer fermenation
Saccharomyces cerevisiae (Baker's/Brewer's yeast)
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Fungus used to make soy sauce
Asperguillus mold
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Enzyme derived from bacteria to protect them for bacteriophages. Cuts DNA. Can't cut methylated DNA.
Restriction Endonucleases
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DNA from two sources
Recombinant DNA
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Organism derived from recombinant DNA
Transgenic organism
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Self replicating DNA
Vector
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Methods of introducing DNA into eukaryotic cells
- Transfection (equivalent to transformation in prokaryotes)
- Microinjection
- Electroporation
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Used to determine the location or successful integration of DNA into a cell.
Reporter gene (like GFP)
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A virus vaccine that contains more than one type of immunogen
Polyvalent vaccine
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Used to build a library of genes to look for new enzymes or cellular products
Gene mining
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