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What is Tonicity?
the degree of osmotic pressure exerted by a solution.
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What are the different levels of Tonicity?
- Isotonic: are solutions that have osmotic pressures equal to the average intracellular pressure in the body. This is roughly equivalent to a saline solution (NaCl of 0.9%) This will cause no overall change in cellular water content.
- Hypertonic: solution are those with higher osmotic pressure or more tonicity. This will �draw� water out of cells.
- Hypotonic: solution are those with lower osmotic pressure or less tonicity. This will cause water to be absorbed from the solution into cells.
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What is a saturated solution?
has the maximum amount of solute that can be held by a solvent, at a given temperature
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What is a supersaturated solution?
contains more solute than a saturated solution, at the same temperature and pressure
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What is osmotic pressure?
the force produced by the mobility of solvent particles under certain conditions
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What is the Ratio Solution way of expressing a solution?
Ratio solution. The relationship of the solute to the solvent is expressed as a proportion (i.e., 1:100; solute:solvent).
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What is the Weight per volume solution (W/V) way of expressing a solution?
Weight per volume solution (W/V). This is used for solids dissolved in liquids. They are expressed as grams of solute per 100 mL of solution. An example is 5 g of glucose dissolved in 100 mL of solution, here is considered to be a 5% solution.
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What is the Percent solution way of expressing a solution?
Percent solution. This solution is the weight of solute per weight of solution. An example is 5 grams of glucose dissolved in 95 g of water. The glucose is 5% of the total solution weight of 100g (solute + solvent). It is a true percent solution.
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What is an acid?
compound that increase the hydrogen ion concentration when placed in an aqueous solution. It is also a proton donor
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What is a base?
a compound that gives up hydroxyl ions (OH-) when placed into an aqueous solution. It is known as a proton acceptor.
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How many nanomoles per liter does water (neutral) have?
100
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A change of 1 pH unit is equivalent to a _______ change in [H+].
tenfold
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A change in pH of 0.3 units equals a ________ change in [H+].
twofold
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What is mainly responsible for water excretion?
Kidneys
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What are the extracellular electrolytes?
- 1. sodium
- 2. chloride
- 3. bicarbonate
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What are the intracellular electrolytes?
- 1. potassium
- 2. magnesium
- 3. phosphate
- 4. sulfate
- 5. protein
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What are the two ways water is replenished?
- 1. Ingestion - This is the main form of replacement. The average adult drinks 1,500 to 2000 ml of water per day and gets 500 to 600 ml from foods
- 2. Metabolism - This water comes from the oxidation of fats, carbohydrates, proteins in the body and from the destruction of cells. Normal amount of water produced is 250 ml per day.
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How does Insensible water loss occur?
Skin and Lungs
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How does Sensible water loss occur?
Urine, Intestinal, and Sweat
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What are the 7 major electrolytes, their charges, and normal values?
- Sodium (Na+), 136-145
- Chloride (Cl-), 98-106
- Calcium (Ca2+), 4.5 to 5.25 mEq/L
- Potassium (K+), 3.5-5.0
- Magnesium (Mg2+), 1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L
- Phosphate (HPO42-), 1.2 to 2.3 mEq/L
- Bicarbonate (HCO3-), 22 to 26 mEq/L
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