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Active Doubt
test claims by gathering new data to correct/advance theory
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Adjacent Segregation
- normal and translocated chromosomes migrate same direction
- Adj I: homologous centromeres migrate in opposite directions
- Adj II: homologous centromeres migrate in same direction (less likely)
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Alignment
aligning of homologous sequences to get homologs
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Allopatric Speciation
geographic isolation of population precedes evolution of species level differences
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Allopoliploid
multiple haploid sets from same species
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Allotetraploid
haploid sets from different species eg: Raphnobrassica
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Alternate Segregation
- normal and translocated chromosomes migrate in different directions
- homologous chromosomes always migrate in different directions
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Ambigous
no shared states between ingroup and outgroup
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Anaphase Bridge
created in anaphase 1, bridged by dicentric chromosome while acentric chromosome cannot attach to spindle fibers
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Ancestral state
state present in ingroup and outgroup
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Aneuploid
chromosome number is not integral multiple of haploid set
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Anticipation
increase in degree of disease through generations
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Barrbody
x chromosome mostly in heterochromatin and mostly inactive
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Biological Species Concept
Mayr-a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature
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Bootstrapping
sample sites with replacement to produce new data set and construct phylogenetic tree from such data…repeat!!
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Branch Migration
point of nucleotide exchange can move back and forth
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Caenogenesis
evolution of new characteristics restricted to preadult stages
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Chromosomal Rearrangements
deficiency, duplication, inversion, translocation
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Clade
- monophyletic group-a group of two or more species/lineages that includes the mRCA of all members of the group and all of its descendents
- diagnosed by the sharing of homologies i.e. synapamorphy
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Cladogram
branches denote the nested hierarchy of clades as diagnosed by synapamorphies
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Colchicine
- prevents spindle fibers by binding to tubulin
- important because can be used to make tetraploid from diploid
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Common Descent
all plants and animals have descended from some one form into which life was first breathed
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Complementary Principle
subjective (volition): questions asked, concepts and measurements chosen, along with objective (cognition) measurements
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Complementation
production of a normal phenotype when two mutations are combined in trans in a diploid and helps determine exact location of locus.
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Condensation
older features are displaced to earlier and shorter developmental occurrences
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Constituitive
always condensed
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Convergence
origin of similar features by dissimilar evolutionary processes
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Darwin’s 3rd Theory
multiplication of species
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Deficiency
- loop observed in pachytene
- heterozygous: usually deleterious in humans
- homozygous: usually lethal in humans
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Derived State
ingroup state other than ancestral one
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Distance Based Methods
more advanced parsimony criterion that uses matrices and distances between all pairwise components
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Divergence of Character
separate lineages accumulate differences from each other and from their common ancestor
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Domain of Darwinism
diversity of plant and animal life, not origin of life
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Dosage Compensation
mechanism that ensure same effect dosage of the x chromosome
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Duplication
- often “tandem”, eg Bar eye
- heterozygous: usually deleterious or lethal for a large duplication
- important in evolution
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Endosymbiotic Theory
Lynn Margulis-organelles descend from prokaryotic organisms taken inside an ancestral host cell
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Ernst Haeckel
- “Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny”organismal development repeats adult stages of ancestral forms and assumes terminal addition and condensation
- exceptions are caenogenesis, heterochrony, heterotopy, modularity, and reality
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Euploid
integral number of whole haploid set
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Evolution as Such
the biological world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling but steadily and perhaps directionally changing with continuity from past to present life
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Evolutionary Theory
a scientific explanation for the natural history of life
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Facultative
condensed in some cells but not others
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Fit of Enthusiasm
expands explanation scheme of evolution to account for human culture and ideas
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Fit of Hostility
creationism
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Giemsa
stains for AT. Used to create G bands.
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Gradualism
geological changes occur in small increments which accumulate over time to produce large changes
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Heterochrony
evolutionary change in developmental rates and timing
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Heterotopy
evolutionary change in the physical location of a developmental process
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Historical Structure of Homology
sharing of homologies among species forms a nested hierarchy of groups within groups
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Holiday Structure
explains gene conversion, association of conversion with crossingover, precision of crossing over. Each line is single strand, shows 2 chromatids, crossover intermediate, 3-4000bp
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Homology
forms derived from an equivalent characteristic of a common ancestor
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Homoplasy
- character similarity that does not represent common ancestry (number of evolutionary changes exceeds number of derived states)
- parallelism, reversal, or convergence
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Huntington’s Disease
autosomal dominant, 100% penatrace. Age 40-irradic movements, personality change, mental deterioration. Cause: run of ≥42 glutamines coded by CAG. Normal:10-35 glu.
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Hypothetico-deductivism
potentially falsifiable, parsimony, no positive proof, empirical verification and power, no magic/supernatural/inherently unknowable factors
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Inversion
- causes inversion loop in pachytene
- paracentric: break points on same side of centromere and appear to suppress crossover because recombinants go to dicentric or acentric chromosomes
- pericentric: break points on different sides of centromere and appear to suppress crossover because it causes death usually
- causes inversion loop when heterozygous
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Lamarckism
animals acquire characteristics during their lifetime
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Lineages
ancestor-descendant populations through time, which either persist without change, persist with change, bifurcate, or go extinct
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Maximum Likelihood and Baysian Approaches
complex models of base substitution to determine phylogenetic tree
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Modularity
character, semiautonomous, patterns of gene expression and cellular proliferation and differentiation
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Multigene Family
group of genes that encodes related proteins, which presumably arose by gene duplication followed by divergence
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Neo-darwinism
Darwinism and chromosomal theory of inheritance
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Niche
set of resources actually or potentially used by population
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Nondirectionalism
dynamic steady state
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Parallelism
lineages derive from their common ancestor, but not from each other
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Parsimony Criterion
find the tree topology that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes
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Parsimony Informative Characters
shared derived characters
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Phylogenetic Tree
branches denote historical evolutionary lineages
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Phylogeny
the structure of evolutionary history is a branching tree of lineages
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Polymorphism
presence of more than one common form in a population
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Polyploid
more than 2 whole haploid sets
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Polytene Chromasome
in salivary glands of drosophila larvae. DNA replicates without cell division causing approximately 102 chromatids per chromosome
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Population
smallest unit of biological complexity that evolve (a rejection of Lamarckism)
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Post Meiotic Segregation
unpaired ascospores through gene conversion or mitosis recombination
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Pseudolinkage
because normal chromosomes are always inherited together in a translocation
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Quinacrine
fluorescent dye used to create Q bands, fluorescing regions of AT
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R Bands
reverse G bandings. GC regions are dark. Heat treat then stain with giemsa
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Restriction Enzymes
cut DNA at a specific sequence
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP)
mutation causes restriction enzyme to cut differently, resulting in a unique electrophoresis and therefore Southern blot as well
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Reversal
evolutionary return to an ancestral character formerly lost or changed
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Single Nucleotide Polymorphism (SNP)
one base pair in a genome commonly varies within a species
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Southern Blotting
digest, electrophoresis, denature, blot, block, radioactive hybridization
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Synapamorphy
a shared derived character or homology between members of a clade that is also shared by the mRCA
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Terminal Addition
new features are added to the end of ontogeny
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Thomas Huxley
Darwin’s bulldog and “active doubter” ;)
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Translocation
produces translocation cross in pachytene; ring of four in diplotene
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Trivalent
3 chromosomes associated in zygotene
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Trypsin
used before staining to remove proteins
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Unequal Crossingover
crossingover between 2 improperly aligned homologs can cause duplications
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Uniformity of Process
use familiar geological processes to explain past events
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Univalent
unpaired chromosome in zygotene
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Walter Alvarez
theory of impact crisis-studied clay layer at CT boundary and discovered high level of iridium
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