Bio Final 2

test claims by gathering new data to correct/advance theory

• normal and translocated chromosomes migrate same direction
• Adj I: homologous centromeres migrate in opposite directions
• Adj II: homologous centromeres migrate in same direction (less likely)

aligning of homologous sequences to get homologs

geographic isolation of population precedes evolution of species level differences

multiple haploid sets from same species

haploid sets from different species eg: Raphnobrassica

• normal and translocated chromosomes migrate in different directions
• homologous chromosomes always migrate in different directions

no shared states between ingroup and outgroup

created in anaphase 1, bridged by dicentric chromosome while acentric chromosome cannot attach to spindle fibers

state present in ingroup and outgroup

chromosome number is not integral multiple of haploid set

increase in degree of disease through generations

x chromosome mostly in heterochromatin and mostly inactive

Mayr-a reproductive community of populations (reproductively isolated from others) that occupies a specific niche in nature

sample sites with replacement to produce new data set and construct phylogenetic tree from such data…repeat!!

point of nucleotide exchange can move back and forth

evolution of new characteristics restricted to preadult stages

deficiency, duplication, inversion, translocation

• monophyletic group-a group of two or more species/lineages that includes the mRCA of all members of the group and all of its descendents
• diagnosed by the sharing of homologies i.e. synapamorphy

branches denote the nested hierarchy of clades as diagnosed by synapamorphies

• prevents spindle fibers by binding to tubulin
• important because can be used to make tetraploid from diploid

all plants and animals have descended from some one form into which life was first breathed

subjective (volition): questions asked, concepts and measurements chosen, along with objective (cognition) measurements

production of a normal phenotype when two mutations are combined in trans in a diploid and helps determine exact location of locus.

older features are displaced to earlier and shorter developmental occurrences

always condensed

origin of similar features by dissimilar evolutionary processes

multiplication of species

• loop observed in pachytene
• heterozygous: usually deleterious in humans
• homozygous: usually lethal in humans

ingroup state other than ancestral one

more advanced parsimony criterion that uses matrices and distances between all pairwise components

separate lineages accumulate differences from each other and from their common ancestor

diversity of plant and animal life, not origin of life

mechanism that ensure same effect dosage of the x chromosome

• often “tandem”, eg Bar eye
• heterozygous: usually deleterious or lethal for a large duplication
• important in evolution

Lynn Margulis-organelles descend from prokaryotic organisms taken inside an ancestral host cell

• “Ontogeny Recapitulates Phylogeny”organismal development repeats adult stages of ancestral forms and assumes terminal addition and condensation
• exceptions are caenogenesis, heterochrony, heterotopy, modularity, and reality

integral number of whole haploid set

the biological world is neither constant nor perpetually cycling but steadily and perhaps directionally changing with continuity from past to present life

a scientific explanation for the natural history of life

condensed in some cells but not others

expands explanation scheme of evolution to account for human culture and ideas

creationism

stains for AT. Used to create G bands.

geological changes occur in small increments which accumulate over time to produce large changes

evolutionary change in developmental rates and timing

evolutionary change in the physical location of a developmental process

sharing of homologies among species forms a nested hierarchy of groups within groups

explains gene conversion, association of conversion with crossingover, precision of crossing over. Each line is single strand, shows 2 chromatids, crossover intermediate, 3-4000bp

forms derived from an equivalent characteristic of a common ancestor

• character similarity that does not represent common ancestry (number of evolutionary changes exceeds number of derived states)
• parallelism, reversal, or convergence

autosomal dominant, 100% penatrace. Age 40-irradic movements, personality change, mental deterioration. Cause: run of ≥42 glutamines coded by CAG. Normal:10-35 glu.

potentially falsifiable, parsimony, no positive proof, empirical verification and power, no magic/supernatural/inherently unknowable factors

• causes inversion loop in pachytene
• paracentric: break points on same side of centromere and appear to suppress crossover because recombinants go to dicentric or acentric chromosomes
• pericentric: break points on different sides of centromere and appear to suppress crossover because it causes death usually
• causes inversion loop when heterozygous

animals acquire characteristics during their lifetime

ancestor-descendant populations through time, which either persist without change, persist with change, bifurcate, or go extinct

complex models of base substitution to determine phylogenetic tree

character, semiautonomous, patterns of gene expression and cellular proliferation and differentiation

group of genes that encodes related proteins, which presumably arose by gene duplication followed by divergence

Darwinism and chromosomal theory of inheritance

set of resources actually or potentially used by population

dynamic steady state

lineages derive from their common ancestor, but not from each other

find the tree topology that requires the smallest number of evolutionary changes

shared derived characters

branches denote historical evolutionary lineages

the structure of evolutionary history is a branching tree of lineages

presence of more than one common form in a population

more than 2 whole haploid sets

in salivary glands of drosophila larvae. DNA replicates without cell division causing approximately 10² chromatids per chromosome

smallest unit of biological complexity that evolve (a rejection of Lamarckism)

unpaired ascospores through gene conversion or mitosis recombination

because normal chromosomes are always inherited together in a translocation

fluorescent dye used to create Q bands, fluorescing regions of AT

reverse G bandings. GC regions are dark. Heat treat then stain with giemsa

cut DNA at a specific sequence

mutation causes restriction enzyme to cut differently, resulting in a unique electrophoresis and therefore Southern blot as well

evolutionary return to an ancestral character formerly lost or changed

one base pair in a genome commonly varies within a species

digest, electrophoresis, denature, blot, block, radioactive hybridization

a shared derived character or homology between members of a clade that is also shared by the mRCA

new features are added to the end of ontogeny

Darwin’s bulldog and “active doubter” ;)

produces translocation cross in pachytene; ring of four in diplotene

3 chromosomes associated in zygotene

used before staining to remove proteins

crossingover between 2 improperly aligned homologs can cause duplications

use familiar geological processes to explain past events

unpaired chromosome in zygotene

theory of impact crisis-studied clay layer at CT boundary and discovered high level of iridium