PHY-1030

Science is the study of events or phenomena that occur.

Astronomy

To have a better understanding of ourselves and our environment.

A method to find or determine relationships between objects

• 1) Obersvation
• 2) Hypothesis
• 3) Prediction
• 4) Experiment
• 5) Recycle

Galileo Galilei - 1564-1642

To sense an event or phenomena in the real world

To formulate a general statement that explains the observation.

To forecast a future event based on the hypothesis.

To test the prediction in the real world.

a) If the results don't match the prediction, then we modify our hypothesis and repeat steps 2 - 4.

b) If they do match, repeat steps 3 & 4

F=ma

A theory is composed of several hypotheses and explains a broad scope of phenomena

A physical diagamatical or mathematical representation of a real object.

A hypothesis that has never been disproven and has lots of support.

Deductive and Inductive

To form the general to the specific (this is good, provided the statement is true).

Specific to general (a lower level of reseaoning).

Ability or capacity to do work.

Quantity describing the force applied to a body that causes displacement.

• 1) Potential
• 2) Kinetic
• 3) Thermal)
• 4) Electromagnetic
• 5) Nuclear
• 6) Chemical

Energy associated with a position

Energy associated with motion

Internal energy of a body which is the average kinetic energy of the particals that make up the body

Energy assocaited with EM waves

Energy associated with the nuclei of atoms

Energy stored in chemical bonds

• a) Cause the speed to change
• b) Cause energy to be stored
• c) Generate heat

Energy can neither be created or destroyed; it can only be transfered from one form to another.

Force * distance

GPE = mgh (Mass * gravity * height)

KE = 1/2mv² (1/2 * mass * velocity²)

Rate of change of energy with respect to time.

P = ^ΔE/_Δt = ^ΔW/_Δt

• A force is needed to causea change in motion
• Time

A motion that is repeated

A center seeking force; a stand alone force

Opposite poles attract and like poles repel

To change alternating voltage and current without an appreciable loss of power.

• Solid
• Liquid
• Gas
• Plasma

A phasa of matter characterized be a definated shape and volume

• Definate volume but no definate shape
• Assumes the shape of the container

• No definate shape or volume
• Molecules fill whatever space is availabel

• Exists mainly at high temperatures
• Matter consists of positively charged ions and free electrons

• A substance that flows
• Not necessarily a liquid

If a fluid is completely enclosed, then a change of preasure at one point in the fluid is transmitted to every other point in the fluid and the walls of the container.

If a body is completely or partially submerged in a fluid, there is a boyant force on that body that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.

• PV = nRT
• Preasure*Volume = (# molecules of gas)*(ideal gas constant)*temperature)

P₁V₁=P₂V₂

A description of the energetic relationship in a moving fluid

Oscillation of motion (a wiggle in time)

A wiggle in time and space

• Transverse (shear waves)
• Longitudinal (compression waves)

Individual particals of the medium vibrate at a right angle to the direction of the wave velocity.

Particals vibrate in the same direction of the wave velocity.

Distance between two identical succesive points of the wave

• Distance from the equalibrium to the top of the peak
• or
• Distance from the equalibrium to the bottom

• Constructive
• Destructive
• Reflection
• Absorbtion

Occurs when waves overlap amplitude and adds to produce a larger amplitude

Occurs when waves overlap amplitude and adds to produce a smaller amplitude

The bouncing off of a wave when it hits a surface

Wave do not bounce off of a surface

• Measure of highness or lowness of a sound
• Function of frequency

How it travels from one place to another

How sound affects the senses.

Measure of the amplitude

The lowest partial of musical sound

A partial where frequency is a whole number multiple of a fundimental frequency

Frequency at which an object will vibrate at if disturbed and then removing the disturbing force

Occurs if the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency and a large indrease in amplitude usually results.

When an object is driven at a frequency other than its natural frequency.

Non-moving charges

Oppsites attract and like charges repel

Measure of electrical potential energy

Flow of electric charges

• The bouncing off of light that is incident upon a surface
• Θ_i=Θ_r

The bouncing of light as it passes from a slow medium to a fast medium

Breaking up white light into its constituent colors

Spreding of light as it passes through a small opening