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What is science?
Science is the study of events or phenomena that occur.
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What was the first science?
Astronomy
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What is the mission of science?
To have a better understanding of ourselves and our environment.
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What is catogorization
A method to find or determine relationships between objects
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What is the scientific method?
- 1) Obersvation
- 2) Hypothesis
- 3) Prediction
- 4) Experiment
- 5) Recycle
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Who developed the scientific method?
Galileo Galilei - 1564-1642
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Define oberservation
To sense an event or phenomena in the real world
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Define hypohtesis
To formulate a general statement that explains the observation.
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Define prediction
To forecast a future event based on the hypothesis.
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Define experiment
To test the prediction in the real world.
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Break down the Recycle step of the scientific method.
a) If the results don't match the prediction, then we modify our hypothesis and repeat steps 2 - 4.
b) If they do match, repeat steps 3 & 4
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What is Newton's 2nd Law?
F=ma
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Define theory
A theory is composed of several hypotheses and explains a broad scope of phenomena
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What is a model?
A physical diagamatical or mathematical representation of a real object.
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What is a law?
A hypothesis that has never been disproven and has lots of support.
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What are the types of reseaoning?
Deductive and Inductive
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What is deductive reseaoning?
To form the general to the specific (this is good, provided the statement is true).
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What is inductive reseaoning?
Specific to general (a lower level of reseaoning).
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Define energy
Ability or capacity to do work.
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Define work.
Quantity describing the force applied to a body that causes displacement.
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What are the six types of energy?
- 1) Potential
- 2) Kinetic
- 3) Thermal)
- 4) Electromagnetic
- 5) Nuclear
- 6) Chemical
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What is potential energy?
Energy associated with a position
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What is kinetic energy?
Energy associated with motion
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What is thermal energy?
Internal energy of a body which is the average kinetic energy of the particals that make up the body
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What is Electromagnetic energy?
Energy assocaited with EM waves
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What is nuclear energy?
Energy associated with the nuclei of atoms
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What is chemical energy?
Energy stored in chemical bonds
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Work done by a force can...
- a) Cause the speed to change
- b) Cause energy to be stored
- c) Generate heat
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What is the principal of Conservation of Energy?
Energy can neither be created or destroyed; it can only be transfered from one form to another.
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Mathematically, what is work?
Force * distance
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Mathematically, what is potential energy?
GPE = mgh (Mass * gravity * height)
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Mathematically, what is kinetic energy?
KE = 1/2mv2 (1/2 * mass * velocity2)
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Define power
Rate of change of energy with respect to time.
P = ΔE/Δt = ΔW/Δt
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What is needed for an impulse
- A force is needed to causea change in motion
- Time
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Define harmonic motion
A motion that is repeated
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Define centripital force
A center seeking force; a stand alone force
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What is the Law of Magnitism?
Opposite poles attract and like poles repel
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What is the purpose of a transformer?
To change alternating voltage and current without an appreciable loss of power.
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What are the states of matter?
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Define a solid
A phasa of matter characterized be a definated shape and volume
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Define a liquid
- Definate volume but no definate shape
- Assumes the shape of the container
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Define a gas
- No definate shape or volume
- Molecules fill whatever space is availabel
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Define a plasma
- Exists mainly at high temperatures
- Matter consists of positively charged ions and free electrons
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Define a fluid
- A substance that flows
- Not necessarily a liquid
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What is Pascal's Principal?
If a fluid is completely enclosed, then a change of preasure at one point in the fluid is transmitted to every other point in the fluid and the walls of the container.
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What is Archemede's Principal?
If a body is completely or partially submerged in a fluid, there is a boyant force on that body that is equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body.
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What is the ideal gas equasion?
- PV = nRT
- Preasure*Volume = (# molecules of gas)*(ideal gas constant)*temperature)
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What is Boil's Law
P1V1=P2V2
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What is Bernoulli's Principal?
A description of the energetic relationship in a moving fluid
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Define vibration
Oscillation of motion (a wiggle in time)
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Define a wave
A wiggle in time and space
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What are the types of waves?
- Transverse (shear waves)
- Longitudinal (compression waves)
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What is a transverse wave?
Individual particals of the medium vibrate at a right angle to the direction of the wave velocity.
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What is a longitudinal wave?
Particals vibrate in the same direction of the wave velocity.
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What is a wavelength?
Distance between two identical succesive points of the wave
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What is amplitude?
- Distance from the equalibrium to the top of the peak
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- Distance from the equalibrium to the bottom
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What are the types interferance?
- Constructive
- Destructive
- Reflection
- Absorbtion
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What is constructive interference?
Occurs when waves overlap amplitude and adds to produce a larger amplitude
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What is destructive interference?
Occurs when waves overlap amplitude and adds to produce a smaller amplitude
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What is wave reflection?
The bouncing off of a wave when it hits a surface
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What is wave absorbtion?
Wave do not bounce off of a surface
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What is pitch?
- Measure of highness or lowness of a sound
- Function of frequency
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What is sound propegation?
How it travels from one place to another
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What is sound preception?
How sound affects the senses.
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What is sound volume?
Measure of the amplitude
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What is the fundimental frequency?
The lowest partial of musical sound
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What is harmonic
A partial where frequency is a whole number multiple of a fundimental frequency
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What is the natural frequency?
Frequency at which an object will vibrate at if disturbed and then removing the disturbing force
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What is resonance?
Occurs if the driving frequency is equal to the natural frequency and a large indrease in amplitude usually results.
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What is forced ressonance?
When an object is driven at a frequency other than its natural frequency.
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What are electrostaics?
Non-moving charges
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What is the Law of Charges?
Oppsites attract and like charges repel
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What is voltage?
Measure of electrical potential energy
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What is electrical current?
Flow of electric charges
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What is reflection?
- The bouncing off of light that is incident upon a surface
- Θi=Θr
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What is light refraction?
The bouncing of light as it passes from a slow medium to a fast medium
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What is light dispersion?
Breaking up white light into its constituent colors
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What is light Defraction?
Spreding of light as it passes through a small opening
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