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Evolution
descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation
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Biology
the scientific study of life
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Emergent Properties
new properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases
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The Biosphere
the entire portion of Earth inhabited by life; the sum of all the planet's ecosytems
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Ecosystems
all the organisms in a given area as well as the abiotic factors with which they interact; one or more communities and the physical environment around them
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Communities
all the organisms that inhabit a particular area; an assemblage of populations of different species living close enough together for potential interaction
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Populations
a localized group of individuals of the same species that can interbreed, producing fertile offspring
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Organ Systems
a group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions
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Organs
a specialized center of body function composed of several different types of tissues
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Tissues
an integrated group of cells with a common function, structure, or both
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Organelles
any of several membrane-enclosed structures with specialized functions, suspended in the cytosol of eukaryotic cells
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Molecules
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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Systems Biology
an approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems
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Eukaryotic Cell
- a type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and mebrane-enclosed organelles
- organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes
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Prokaryotic Cell
- a type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and mebrane-enclosed organelles
- organsims with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes
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DNA
a double-stranded , helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins
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Genes
a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (orRNA, in some viruses)
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Genome
the genetic material of an organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences
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Bioinformatics
the use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets
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Negative Feedback
a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a physiological variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change
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Positive Feedback
a physiological control mechanism in which a change in a variable triggers mechanisms that amplify the change
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Inquiry
the search for information and explanation, often focused by specific questions
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Discovery Science
the process of scientific inquiry that focuses on describing nature
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Inductive Reasoning
a type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations
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Hypothesis
a tentative answer to a well-framed question, narrower in scope than a theory and subject to testing
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Deductive Reasoning
a type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise
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Controlled Expirement
an expirement in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested
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Theory
an explanation that is broad in scope, generates new hypothesism and is supported by a large body of evidence
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Models
a representation of theory or process
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Technology
the application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry or commerce but also including uses in basic research
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Compound
a substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio
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Element
any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions
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Trace Elements
an element indispensible for life but required in extremely minute amounts
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Atom
the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
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Neutrons
a subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom
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Protons
a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10-24 g, found in the nucleeus of an atom
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Van der Waals Interactions
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Contractile and Motor Proteins
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Deoxribonucleic Acid (DNA)
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Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
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Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM)
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Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis
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First Law of Thermodynamics
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Second Law of Thermodynamics
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
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Noncompetitive Inhibitors
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Oxidative Phosphorylation
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Substrate-Level Phosphorylation
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Primary Electron Acceptor
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Glyceraldehyde-3-Phospate (G3P)
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Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (RuBP)
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Cell Cycle Control System
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Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (Cdks)
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Density-Dependent Inhibition
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Alternation of Generations
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Homologs on the Metaphase Plate
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Law of Independet Assortment
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Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS)
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Single-Strand Binding Proteins
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Nucleotide Excision Repair
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Transcription Initiation Complex
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Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetases
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Polyribosomes (Polysomes)
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Signal-Recognition Particle (SRP)
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