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nuclearmedicineflash.csv

The flashcards below were created by user sether52 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.

  1. Question
    Answer
  2. Gallium-67 dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    "5 mCi (inflam). 10 mCi (tumor). 93
  3. Gallium-67 mechanism of uptake?
    Fe analog via transferrin.
  4. Gallium-67 Normal distribution?
    "Liver > spleen
  5. I-131 dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    2 mCi. 364 keV. half-life 8 days. 48 hrs.
  6. I-131 mechanism of uptake?
    "Iodine. Thyroid uptake
  7. I-131 Normal distribution?
    "Stomach
  8. I-131 MIBG dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    2 mCi. 364 keV. 8 days. 48 hrs.
  9. I-131 MIBG mechanism of uptake?
    Guanethidine analog. Norepinephrine reuptake.
  10. I-131 MIBG normal distribution?
    "Liver > spleen. Variable: salivary
  11. I-123 MIBG dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    1-10 mCi. 159 keV. 13 hrs. 24 hrs.
  12. I-123 MIBG normal distribution?
    "Liver > spleen. Variable: salivary
  13. In-111 octreoscan dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    "6 mCi. 172
  14. Octreoscan mechanism of uptake?
    Somatostatin analog. Neuroendocrine tumors.
  15. In-111 octreoscan normal distribution?
    "Intense renal cortex. Spleen
  16. FDG-PET dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    10-15 mCi. 511 keV. 2 hrs. 1 hr.
  17. FDG-PET mechanism of uptake?
    Glucose analog. Active transport into cell. Phosphorylated and trapped.
  18. FDG-Pet normal distribution
    "Intense urinary activity and cerebral cortex. GU
  19. In-111 WBC dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    "0.5 mCi. 172
  20. In-111 WBC mechanism of uptake?
    WBC localized at infection.
  21. In-111 WBC normal distribution?
    Spleen >> Liver > marrow. No renal or GI activity.
  22. Tc-99 WBC dose? Gamma energies? Half-life? Time to imaging?
    "20 mCi. 140 keV. 6 hrs. 1-4
  23. Intense cardiac activity radiotracer?
    MIBG. PET.
  24. Intense spleen activity radiotracer?
    WBC.
  25. Intense renal activity radiotracer?
    Octreotide.
  26. Lacrimal activity?
    Gallium-67.
  27. "For about __ months after hip replacement surgery
    the bone around the prosthesis is expected to have increased osteoblastic activity."
  28. Refers to a hot spot at the tip of a prosthesis and two areas of increased uptake at the proximal end.
    Toggle sign. Prosthetic loosening.
  29. Three phases of bone scan osteomyelitis?
    "First phase: Early arterial flow
  30. Contraindications to perfusion lung scanning include
    Severe pulmonary hypertension. Allergy to human serum albumin products.
  31. Common indication for V/Q scans
    Suspected PE. Preoperative estimates of lung function. To evaluate right-to-left shunts. Serial assessment of inflammatory lung disease.
  32. When should a V/Q scan be ordered over CTA?
    Low clinical probability. Normal CXR is normal. Pregnant patient. Contraindication to iodinated contrast.
  33. Normal ventilation scans
    Homogeneous radiopharmaceutical distribution throughout both lungs on all three phases: Initial breath. Equilibrium. Washout.
  34. Retention (trapping) of xenon in the lungs in a focal or diffuse pattern is an indication of
    Obstructive lung disease.
  35. Normal perfusion scans
    Well-defined margins of both lungs on all views. Sharply defined costophrenic angles.
  36. Hampton hump
    "Wedge-shaped
  37. Westermark sign
    Wedge-shaped area of oligemia.
  38. Most common but nonspecific CXR finding of PE
    "Atelectasis or opacities in the region of emboli. Elevated diaphragm
  39. Two moderate (25-50%) or four small (<25%) perfusion defects are equivalent to
    Full-segment defect.
  40. Perfusion defect that demonstrates normal ventilation is termed a
    Mismatched defect.
  41. Perfusion defects that match ventilation and CXR abnormalities in size and location are called
    Triple match defects.
  42. Stripe sign.
    Central perfusion defects with a rim or stripe of increased activity around them. Less than 10% probability of PE.
  43. V/Q scan PIOPED categories?
    High (2 or more mismatched perfusion segments). Intermediate. Low. Very low. Normal.
  44. Ventilation scan signs in COPD?
    Delayed wash-in and delayed washout.
  45. Perfusion defects that are significantly larger than the CXR abnormality are
    Higher probability for PE.
  46. Three principle coronary artery distributions of the LV
    Left anterior descending artery (LAD). Left circumflex artery (LCX). Posterior descending artery (PDA).
  47. Pharmocologic stress agents in myocardial perfusion imaging?
    Adenosine. Dipyridamole (if bronchospasm may give dobutamine).
  48. At what percent stenosis can pharmocologic agents not dilate effectively?
    > 50% stenosis.
  49. Tc-99m Sestamibi is taken up by perfused myocardium by
    "Passive diffusion. Bound in myocyte
  50. Hibernating Myocardium
    Severe ischemia with high-grade stenosis may be slow to reverse on Tl-201 rest imaging after stress. Respond to revascularization procedures. Perfusion-metabolism mismatch.
  51. Stunned Myocardium
    Temporarily damaged cells around infarct. Generally is hypokinetic or akinetic. Will not uptake Tl-201 until recovery several weeks later. Normal perfusion.
  52. Solitary palpable thyroid nodules are best evaluated initially
    FNA.
  53. Discordant thyroid nodule
    Increased Tc-99m-O4 uptake but decreased I-123 uptake (lost ability to organify iodine). Increased risk of malignancy.
  54. Measurement of the RAIU is usually indicated for one of three reasons:
    "Differentiation of Graves disease (uptake high
  55. Lingual thyroid pediatric patients are at high risk of developing
    "Hypothyroidism
  56. Hyperthyroidism causes?
    Graves disease (diffuse toxic goiter) is most common. Subacute or painless thyroiditis. Toxic nodular goiter. Factitious hyperthyroidism.
  57. Substernal goiter imaging?
    "I-123. Due to large blood pool
  58. Multinodular goiter
    "Clinical term for adenomatous hyperplasia. Multiple
  59. All types of thyroiditis are characterized by
    "Rapid
  60. Graves disease
    "Most common cause of hyperthyroidism. Autoimmune disorder
  61. Acute (suppurative) thyroiditis
    "Bacterial infections caused by Streptococcus
  62. Subacute (viral) thyroiditis (de Quervain or granulomatous thyroiditis).
    Thyroid pain and hyperthyroidism following upper respiratory infection. Disrupted gland releases thyroid hormone. Iodine uptake is usually decreased or absent in acute stages.
  63. Hashimoto thyroiditis
    Most common cause of goiter and primary hypothyroidism in adults in developed countries. Autoimmune disorder with circulating antithyroid antibody.
  64. Riedel thyroiditis
    Rare inflammatory fibrosiS that involves thyroid and commonly extends into neck. Radionuclide uptake is absent (cold) in involved areas.
  65. Secondary hyperthyroidism may develop in patients with
    "Hydatidiform moles or choriocarcinoma (secrete HCG). Subunit of HCG is similar to TSH
  66. "Single cold nodules have a _______ incidence of malignancy
    whereas malignancy is exceedingly rare in hot nodules."
  67. Thyroid nodule differential
    Follicular adenoma. Adenomatous hyperplasia. Thyroid cysts. Hemorrhagic cyst.
  68. Most common benign neoplasm of the thyroid and represents about 20% of thyroid nodules.
    Follicular adenoma.
  69. "Adenomatous nodules
    also called ________
  70. Signs Suggesting Benign Etiology of Thyroid Nodules
    Extensive cystic component. Multiple nodules. Hot on radionuclide scan. Peripheral calcification. Shrinkage in size following levothyroxine suppression hormone therapy. Sudden onset. Female gender. Older patient.
  71. Signs Suggesting Malignancy of Thyroid Nodules
    Solid nodule. Cold on radionuclide scan.�Irregular contour.�Poor margination.�Size >4 to 5 cm.
  72. Thyroid malignancies
    Papillary carcinoma. Follicular carcinoma. Medullary thyroid carcinoma. Anaplastic carcinoma.
  73. This thyroid malignancy does not take up I-131?
    Medullary thyroid carcinoma.
  74. Most authorities agree with postthyroidectomy ablation in primary thyroid tumors that are > _____ cm?
    > 1.5 cm.
  75. "The patient should be hypothyroid with a serum TSH greater than_______ prior to whole body I-131 imaging or ablation
    "
  76. Radioiodine therapy side effects?
    Sialoadenitis. Xerostomia. Pulmonary fibrosis. Leukemia.
  77. Ectopic locations for abnormal parathyroid tissue include:
    Thymus (10% to 15%). Posterior mediastinum (5%). Retroesophageal (1%). Within carotid sheath (1%). Parapharyngeal (0.5%).
  78. Sestamibi and Tetrofosmin Imaging of parathyroid adenoma?
    Immediate and delayed images of neck and mediastinum. May be cold on initial imaging. Hot on delayed (1-2 hours) imaging. Normal thyroid gland washes out.
  79. Which parathyroid glands are more commonly ectopic?
    Inferior parathyroid glands (from third branchial pouch along with thymus). Usually within mediastinum.
  80. Positive GI bleeding studies demonstrate three cardinal findings:
    "Focal activity appears out of nowhere. Activity persists and may increase with time. Activity moves with peristalsis antegrade
  81. Meckel Scan
    Tc-99mO4. Activity concentrates within right lower quadrant or mid abdomen in synchrony with stomach (ectopic gastric mucosa).
  82. Liver/Spleen Scan
    Tc-99m-radiolabeled albumin or sulfur colloid. RES cells phagocytize colloid particles.
  83. FNH sulfur colloid scan features
    Isointense or hotter than liver parenchyma.
  84. Heat-Damaged Red Blood Cell Scan
    Tc-99m-labeled heat damaged red blood cells are preferentially extracted from circulation by splenic tissue. Useful for: Polysplenia. Splenosis. Accessory splenic tissue.
  85. Normal HIDA scan (Tc-mebrofenin)
    "Activity should be seen in major extrahepatic ducts
  86. Hallmark of acute cholecystitis by cholescintigraphy is
    Nonvisualization of gallbladder at both 1- and 4-hour intervals or 30 minutes after morphine administration.
  87. Chronic cholecystitis scintigraphy features
    Gallbladder is not visualized at 1 hour but is seen by 4 hours.
  88. Rim sign on hepatobiliary scan images
    Band of increased activity around gallbladder fossa. Represents poor excretion of radiotracer from inflamed hepatocytes. Usually associated with gangrenous cholecystitis
  89. Normal gallbladder ejection fraction is greater than
    35%.
  90. Acalculous biliary disease
    Chronic acalculous cholecystitis. Cystic duct syndrome. Gallbladder dyskinesis.
  91. CCK-assisted cholescintigraphy in acalculous biliary disease demonstrates
    Decreased gallbladder contraction. Decreased gallbladder ejection fraction.
  92. Which scintigraphy study is used in diagnosing liver cavernous hemangiomas?
    Tc-99m-labeled red blood cells using an in vitro labeling technique.
  93. ________ is the agent of choice for imaging kidneys in moderate to severe renal failure.
    Tc-99m-MAG3.
  94. Agent of choice for renal cortical imaging?
    Tc-99m-DMSA has minimal urinary excretion (<5%) and high cortical binding (50%).
  95. Radiotracers used to assess GFR and ERPF (plasma flow)?
    GFR with Tc-99m-DTPA. ERPF with Tc-99m-MAG3.
  96. Renal vein thrombosis scintigraphic findings?
    Decreased perfusion of enlarged kidney with prolonged cortical retention of tracer.
  97. Renal transplant complication timeline?
    ATN 1st week. Urinomas early. Acute rejection 2nd-4th week. Lymphoceles several weeks. Chronic rejection later.
  98. ACEi effect on RAS?
    "Angiotensin II causes constriction of efferent arteriole. ACEi blocks Angiotensin II. In RAS ACEi causes relaxation of constricted efferent arteriole
  99. Ga-67 imaging is the radionuclide procedure of choice in what patient population?
    Immunocompromised patients. Patients with FUO.
  100. _________ is the radionuclide procedure of choice for diagnosing osteomyelitis.
    Three-phase bone scintigraphy.
  101. Three-phase bone scan findings in osteomyelitis?
    Focal hyperperfusion. Focal hyperemia. Focally increased bony uptake on delayed (2 to 4 hours postinjection).
  102. "Can all produce a positive three-phase bone scan
    even in the absence of infection."
  103. Pores of Kohn
    Connect adjacent alveoli.
  104. Canals of Lambert
    "Connect alveoli with respiratory
  105. Typical V/Q scan finding for PE
    "Mismatched segmental or subsegmental distribution pattern
  106. Xenon-133 properties
    Half-life of 5.3 days. Beta emitter. Photon energy 81 keV. Trachea is critical organ. Should be performed before perfusion lung scans due to Compton scatter from Tc-99m.
  107. Patients who should receive fewer particles of Tc-99m-MAA?
    Pulmonary hypertension. Right to left shunts. Children.
  108. Standard cisternogram features
    Intrathecal indium-111-DTPA. Ascends to basilar cisterns in about 4 hours. Flows over convexities within 24 hours in normals.
  109. NPH cisternogram features
    Early localization of activity within lateral ventricles persisting beyond 24 hours. Delayed clearance over convexities.
  110. Procedure of choice for CSF leak
    Cisternogram.
  111. Classic findings in PET brain imaging of Alzheimer's disease
    Bilateral temporoparietal defects.
  112. PET brain imaging basics of brain tumors
    High-grade tumors are hypermetabolic. Low-grade tumors are hypometabolic (except juvenile pilocystic astrocytoma).
  113. FDG activity in gallbladder bed suggests
    Acute or chronic cholecystitis. Gallbladder cancer. Adjacent liver tumor.
  114. Common brown fat location?
    "Symmetric uptake in paraspinal regions
  115. Most malignant tumors have an SUV of
    2.5 to 3.0.
  116. Physiologic activity usually has an SUV of
    0.5 to 2.5.
  117. PET is utilized in oncology for three major indications:
    Initial staging. Evaluation of response to treatment. Assessment for recurrence.
  118. Malignant pulmonary nodule at PET imaging
    SUV greater than 2.5 is considered indicative of malignancy. SUV under 1.5 is considered a benign nodule.
  119. "With small nodules less than _______cm
    the partial volume averaging effect may falsely lower the SUV below 2.5
  120. PET false-positives for malignant pulmonary nodule
    "Tuberculosis
  121. "Pulmonary nodule false-negative cases are usually hypometabolic malignancies
    such as"
  122. "Radiation pneumonitis is metabolically active in the first ___ months following radiotherapy
    making detection of tumor recurrence by PET difficult"
  123. PET false positives for lymphoma search
    Hypermetabolic sarcoidosis. Tuberculosis. Pyogenic abscesses. Histoplasmosis and other fungal infections. Discitis.
  124. Diffuse splenic activity greater than that of _______ is consistent with diffuse lymphomatous infiltration of the spleen.
    Liver activity.
  125. Preferred diagnostic modality for melanoma region lymph node involvement
    Sentinel lymph node mapping.
  126. Benign causes of distal esophagus PET activity
    Distal esophagitis. Gastric reflux. Barrett's esophagus. Hiatal hernia. Retained saliva.
  127. Tumor activity more than ____ times that of white matter or more than ____ times that of gray matter has very high sensitivity and specificity for malignancy
    1.5 times white matter. 0.6 times gray matter.
  128. PET features of Alzheimer disease
    Bilateral hypometabolism of temporal and parietal lobes. Sparing of visual and motor cortices.
  129. PET featurs of Pick disease
    Hypometabolic areas involving both frontal and anterior temporal lobes.
  130. PET features of Multi-infarct dementia
    Multiple defects throughout brain parenchyma without sparing of visual and motor cortices.
  131. PET features of Parkinson disease
    High FDG activity in lentiform nuclei and thalami related to lack of dopaminergic inhibition. Caudate nuclei are spared.
  132. PET features of CNS lymphoma versus toxoplasmosis
    CNS lymphoma is hypermetabolic. Toxoplasmosis shows little or no FDG activity.
  133. Low PET Uptake by Malignant Tumors
    Lobular breast carcinoma. Low-grade lymphoma. Salivary gland neoplasms. Necrotic primary tumors and lymph nodes.
Author:
 sether52
ID:
 124850
Card Set:
 nuclearmedicineflash.csv
Updated:
2011-12-22 12:22:00
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