SLP praxis exam

• an acquired neurologically based language disorder
• can be fluent, nonfluent, or subcortical

• relatively intact fluency but less meaningful speech
• easily initiated, well articulated, good prosody and phrase length

• Wernicke's
• Anomic
• Conduction
• Transcortical sensory

• posterior temporal gyrus in left hemisphere
• rapid speech with normal prosody
• severe word finding issues
• paraphasia
• extra syllables
• neologisms
• circumlocution
• empty speech (this stuff, that thing)
• poor auditory comprehension, repetition, writing

• posterior temporal gyrus in left hemi (same as Wernicke's)
• word finding difficulty during fluent speech
• verbal paraphasias
• use of vague, nonspecific words
• good auditory comprehension
• most language functions (except for naming) unimpaired

• Arculate fasciculus - which carries info from wernicke's to broca's
• impaired repetition
• paraphasias
• word finding issues
• empty speech due to omitted content words
• normal auditory comprehension

• temporoparietal region
• paraphasic and empty speech
• severe naming problems
• good repetition but poor comprehension
• echolalia of grammatically incorrect forms, nonsense syllables
• can repeat phrases started by clinician - good automatic speech

limited, agrammatic, effortful, halting, and slow speech with impaired prosody

• Broca's
• Transcortical motor
• Mixed
• Global

• posterior, inferior frontal gyrus of left hemi
• nonfluent, effortful, slow uneven speech
• limited word output
• short phrases
• misarticulation or distorted sounds
• agrammatic or telegraphic speech
• poor reading and poor comprehension of read material

• anterior superior frontal lobe left hemi below broca's
• speechlessness
• perseveration of repetition
• absent or reduced spontanous speech
• intact repetition skill (specific to TMA)
• nonfluent, paraphasic, agrammatic, telegraphic speech
• good comprehension
• impaired writing

• watershed area or arterial border
• limited spontaneous speech
• automatic unintentional conversation
• severe echolalia (parrotlike repetition)
• neologisms
• severely impaired auditory comprehension, reading, writing

• Massive damage in middle cerebral artery
• severe deficits in all areas
• expression limited to a few words, exclamations, and serial utterances
• perseveration

• lesion in area surrounding basal ganglia and thalamus
• damage to basal ganglia: fluent speech with pauses and hesitations, intact repetition and auditory comprehension, articulation problems
• damage to thalamus: hemiplegia, intial mutism, severe naming problems, good auditory comprehension

(Phonemic) - transposing sounds in a word such as tevelision for television

(Semantic) - incorrect word such as saying knife for fork

artery abruptly occluded by traveling material (more frequent)

artery slowly occluded by collection of material

pouch formed by a weakened artery wall - leaking can be easier to repair, but ruptured is not

a loss of blood supply

a transient ischemic attack - mini stroke, change in blood supply to a particular area of the brain resulting in brief neurological dysfunction

• ischemic: blocked or interrupted blood supply to the brain caused by thombosis (slow collection of material) or embolism (traveling clot)
• hemorrhagic: bleeding in the brain due to ruptured blood vessel

• 750,000 new cases of strokes a year
• 50% of those who survive have aphasia
• 2/3 stroke patients over 65 years
• Blacks have a higher incidence

• Olfactory
• smell

• Optic
• vision

• Oculomotor
• eye movement

• Trochlear
• eye movement

• Trigeminal
• mastication, facial sensation

• Adbucens
• eye movement

• Facial
• facial movement and sensation

• Auditory
• hearing and balance

• Glossopharyngeal
• tongue/pharynx movement and sensation

• Vagus
• heart, blood vessels, movement larynx/pharynx

• Spinal accessory
• neck muscles

• Hypoglossal
• tongue muscles

• Motor speech - 41%
• Aphasia - 19%
• Other Cognitive - 11%
• Anatomic deficiency - 8%
• Voice - 8%
• Idiopathic - 8%
• Psychogenic - 4%
• Other - 1%

• Lower motor neurons
• weakness

• Bilateral upper motor neurons
• spasticity

• Cerebellum
• incoordination

• Basal ganglia
• rigidity or reduced range of movement
• Parkinson's, Alzheimer's, Pick's

• Basal ganglia
• abnormal movements
• Huntington's

• Unilateral upper motor neurons
• weakness, incoordination, spasticity

A speech disorder resulting from neurological impairment affecting the motor planning, programming, neuromuscular control, or execution of speech - they include the dysarthrias and apraxia of speech

A disturbance in muscle control over the speech mechanism due to damage of the central/peripheral nervous system

Impaired capacity to plan or program speech - NOT muscle weakness

• phonation
• resonation
• articulation
• prosody
• respiration

For most people the right hemi is the non dominant hemi for speech and language. They typically have both communication and cognitive deficits which can be addressed in S/L therapy.

• Left neglect
• inattention
• denial
• executive function difficulty
• inability to integrate information
• literal/figurative meanings
• flat affect
• impulsivity
• disorientation to time and direction

The interruption in eating pleasure or in the maintenance of nutrition and/or hydration - the inability to transfer the bolus from the mouth to the stomach

• Stroke
• head injury
• cervical spinal cord injury
• progressive neurological disease
• head/neck cancer and/or radiation

• aspiration
• dehydration
• malnutrician
• quality of life

the entry of food/liquid into the airway below the vocal folds

food/liquid enters the laryngeal vestibule at the level of the true vocal cords

• oral preparatory stage
• oral transit stage
• pharyngeal stage
• esophageal stage

• prompt trigger of the pharyngeal swallow
• velar elevation/velopharyngeal closure
• base of tongue retraction
• epiglottic retroflection
• laryngeal elevation
• cricopharyngeal opening

• chin tuck
• head rotation
• head tilt
• side-lying
• multiple swallows
• alternate solids and liquids
• effortful swallow
• cough/clear throat
• modify bolus size
• modify food consistency (last option)

• UPPER nose
• Nasal cavity
• pharynx
• LOWER larynx
• trachea
• bronchi
• lungs

• mouth
• esophagus
• stomach
• pancreas
• liver
• small intestine
• large intestine

Breathing - supplies the energy needed for speech

involves voicing and the structures and processes that create voice

the processes by which the voice or laryngeal tone is modified by various supralaryngeal cavities and structures

the process of making speech sounds

• lungs
• bronchi
• trachea
• spinal column
• sternum
• rib cage

• hyoid bone
• epiglottis
• thyroid cartilage
• cuneiform
• arytenoid cartilage (pyramid)
• corniculate (tip of arytenoids)
• cricoid cartilage (top tracheal ring)
• trachea

the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds

sucking motion of the vocal folds towards one another - caused by the increased speed of air passing between the VF

• laryngopharynx
• oropharynx
• nasopharynx

• CN V: trigeminal
• CN VII: facial
• CN X: vagus
• CN XI: spinal accessory
• CN XII: hypoglossal

central building blocks of the nervous system - they include the cell body, dendrites, and an axon

• Midbrain: CN III, CN IV (eye mvmt)
• Pons: CN V, CN VII (speech production)
• Medulla: CN VIII-XII

• structure in the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord
• execution of motor activity
• attention and consciousness
• sleep-wake cycles

• regulate and modify cordically initiated motor movements - including speech
• damage here can lead to: hypo, hyperkinetic dysarthria, unusual body postures, uncontrolled movement, lead to involuntary movements

• primary motor cortex
• motor strip
• Broca's area

• primary auditory cortex
• Wernicke's area

the study of speech sounds

• nasals - /m, n, ng/
• stops - /p, b, t, d, k, g/
• fricatives - /f, v, th, s, z, j, sh, h/
• affricates - "j" "ch"
• liquids - /l, r/
• glides - /w, j/
• laterals - /l/

• bilabial
• labiodental
• linguadental
• lingua-alveolar
• linguapalatal
• linguavelar
• glottal

• add meaning, variety and color to running speech
• they include: stress, length, rate, pitch, intensity, juncture

the strength or magnitude of a sound signal - the greater the amplitude the louder the sound signal

rate of vibratory motion measured in cycles per second (Hz) - 1 cycle per second is 1 Hz

an indication of the interval between two frequencies

sound is the result of a vibration or disturbance in the molecules of a medium (solid, liquid, air) that is potentially audible

the study of the physical properties of sound

the study of language

• morphology
• syntax
• semantics
• pragmatics
• phonology

The study of word structure

the arrangement of words to form meaningful sentences

the study of the meaning of language

the use of language in a social context

• Skinner
• verbal behavior as a form of social behavior

• Chomsky
• children are born with language acquisition device

• language acquisition made possible by general intellectual process
• knowledge of mental processes

• children with specific language impairments (language-learning disabilities)
• children with language problems associated with other clinical conditions (intellectual, autism, HL, TBI, CP)
• children with language difficulties related to a combination of factors (poverty, neglect, abuse, alcohol, ADD)

• Perceptual problems: children do not perceive morphological features as well as they do other features because they are produced with less intensity
• Syntactic problems: the syntactic complexity involved in sentence comprehension and production may have a negative effect on morphology

• topic initiation
• turn taking
• topic maintenance
• appropriate conversation repair
• discourse and narrative skills
• staying relevant during conversation

formally called mental retardation, this is significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills

• impaired social interactions, disturbed communication, stereotypic patterns of behavior, interests, and activities
• because of wide variation in the symptom complex of autism, it is described as a spectrum disorder
• most experts support genetic or neurophysiological theories of autism

• those who sustain injury due to head trauma
• those who have cerebral palsy

• vehicular accident
• sports-related accident
• falls
• physical abuse
• assults
• gunshot wounds

• disorder of early childhood in which the immature nervous system is affected
• not a disease
• group of symptoms associated with brain injury in still-developing children

• ataxic: disturbed balance, awkward gait, uncoordiated movement (cerebellar damage)
• athetoid: slow, writhing, involuntary movement (indirect pathway, basal ganglia damage)
• spastic: increased spasticity, tone, rigidity of muscles, stiff, abrupt movements (motor cortex, direct motor pathway damage)

an error in a student's second language that is directly produced as a result of influence from the first language

cone-shaped cartilages that are located under the mucous membrane that covers aryepiglottic folds

muscle that opens the Eustachian tube during yawning and swallowing

a token is given for each fluent production, and one is withdrawn for each disfluency

v/f substitutions in medial position of words

internal thyroarytenoids

• ataxic
• athetoid
• spastic

child's ability to mentally sort speech stimulu or remember what he has heard

an indication of the interval between two frequencies

the idea that the structure of language may have arisen from language's social communication function in human relations

24-26 months

shut the air from the trachea to the esophagus so that the patient can speak on pulmonary air that enters the esophagus

variation in vocal frequency, or frequency perturbation

surface tissue of the soft or hard palate fuse but the underlying muscle or bone tissues do not

substitution of t/k such as "tea/key"

disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech, lack of adaptation minimal or no effect of masking noise

3-4 years

5% of the words spoken

articulation therapy approach which emphasizes both the syllables as the basic unit of speech and the concept of phonetic environment

non-nasal had become nasalized

surgical method of a cleft palate repair that involves raising two bipedicled flaps of mucuperiosteum, bringing them together and attaching them to close the cleft

procedure that uses a pulsing light to permit the optical illusion of slow-motion viewing of the vocal folds

CNX

this is the experiment first and explain later approach

lower IQ and language skills in Autism and the reverse with Asperger's

the ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it

• heuristic
• imaginative
• interactional
• personal

stationary blodd clot that blocks the flow of blood

confusion of /r/ and /l/

that stuttering is caused by classically conditioned negative emotions

concrete operations state that the child employs logical causality

mass and elasticity

Transcortical motor aphasia

are developed to a level commensurate that of native English speakers for those developing English as a second language in 2 years

raises pitch of voice by lengthening and tensing the vocal folds

ch/f substitutions

t/k substitutions such as "tin/kin"

researchers developing a new test of language acquisition correlated the scores of children studied with the score on an established test of known validity

in social situations such as parties, people don't speak loudly enough and noise creates a problem for him in hearing what people are saying

a type of research in which independent variables have occurred in the past and the investigator tries to find potential causes of the dependent variables

20 Hz - 20,000 Hz

in developing a test with 100 items, a test developer correlated responses to the first 50 items with responses to the last 50 items

the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherein two different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

• fluent aphasia
• good syntax, prosody, articulation

specialist uses a bright light source and a small, round 21-25 mm mirror angled on a long slender handle to list the velum and press gently against the patient's posterior pharyngeal wall and the mirror is maneuvered to view the laryngeal structures during quiet respiration and while the patient is producing /i/

a child saying "dog bark" instead of "the dog is barking"

• vocal punctuation - such as pausing and intonation
• "What did you eat?" vs "What, did you eat?"
• "night rate" vs "nitrate"
• "I scream" vs "ice cream"

test scores are consistent with theoretical concepts or expectations

frequency range, optimal pitch, and habitual pitch

surgery used to repair the tympanic membrane after it has been ruptured

a spongy growth that starts on the footplate of the stapes and causes it to become rigid

contractible auxiliary

• also known as middle ear effusion
• infection in the middle ear associated with upper-respiratory infections and eustachian tube dysfunction

• bacteria or viral infection of the skin of the external auditory canal
• causes conductive loss

surgical procedure in which small incisions are made in the tympanic membrane to relieve pressure caused by chronic otitis media

birth defect resulting in extremely narrow external auditory canal

birth defect in which extrenal ear canal is completely closed

• frequently found in patient's with otosclerosis
• specific loss at 2,000 Hz as indicated by bone-conduction testing

when a test measures what it is supposed to measure because the scores are progressively higher across age groups

• palatoglossus
• tensor veli palatini
• levator veli palatini

function words more than content words

genioglossus muscle

ordering and organizing utterances in a message so that they build logically on one another

the volume of air that a person can exhale after a maximal inhalation

• benign growth of thick, whitish patches on the surface membrane mucosa
• leads to soft, hoarse, low pitched, and breathy voice

teaching a client to use normal prosodic features of speech for those who stutter

when the frequency of stuttering decreases from a first to subsequent reading

unilateral localized inflammatory vascular lesion that developed on the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage

• imaginative
• heuristic
• regulatory
• personal
• informative
• instrumental
• interactional

speech disorder associated with muscle weakness or paralysis

nonfluent, effortful, agrammatic, and slow speech

when a child repeats a pattern such as (wawa/water)

a pink or white wart-like growth that can be found anywhere in the airway and can make a person's voice hoarse, breathy, and low pitched

7-11 years

recording the correct and incorrect responses on each attempt you ask the child to make

children and youth with disabilities from age 3-21 years are guaranteed free and appropriate publich education (FAPE) in the least restrictive environment including special education and related services

administering two versions of a test (Form A and Form B) to selected children

a procedure that studies the pattern of electrical activity of the vocal folds by inserting electrodes into the patient's peripheral layngreal muscles to measure laryngeal function

• tensor tympani
• stapedius muscle

one word is used to communicate a variety of meaning

the structure at the inferior portion of the tongue that connects the tongue with the mandible

Broca's

transverse arytenoids

• inadequate national sampling in the normative process
• inadequate response sampling
• contrived test situations that don't represent naturalistic communications
• limited participation of families assessment
• general inappropriateness for ethnoculturally diverse children

precentral gyrus

when vibrating objects return to equilibrium and air molecules become thinner

represents the variety of different words the child uses expressively

1:2 or .5

• mostly biological or disease related
• congenital malformation, genetic syndrome, neurological disorders, chronic illness, infections

• environmental or genetic factors
• serious pre, peri, post natal complications, behavioral disorders, low parental education, substance abuse, unstable living condition

• difficulty in comprehending spoken language
• slow/delayed onset of language
• limited language output or expressive language
• problematic syntactic skills
• problematic pragmatic skills
• problematic learning of grammatical morphemes

• one one one intervention
• small group intervention
• whole classroom intervention (in which the child is worked with as part of his/her class in the classroom setting)
• indirect intervention (in which the clinician sets the goals and a peer, parent, teacher's aide, interpreter)

• instructions
• modeling
• prompting
• shaping
• manual guidance
• fading
• immediate, response-contingent feedback

• expanding a child's telegraphic or incomplete speech into a more grammatically complete utterance
• if the child says "doggy bark" the clinician can say "yes, the doggy is barking"

• preserving the meaning of the utterance while omitting the smaller grammatical elements
• saying "cat eat food" for "The cat is eating the food"

the clinician commenting on a child's utterance by adding new and relevant information

teaching functional communication skills through the use of typical, everyday verbal interactions that arise naturally

• place
• voicing
• manner

• vowels are acquired first
• nasals mastered between 3-4
• stops mastered between 3-4.5
• glides /j, w/ mastered between 2-4
• fricatives/affricates mastered 3-6, but /f/ usually first around age 3
• liquids /r, l/ mastered late around 3-7
• consonant clusters are last

• substitution
• a vowel is subbed for a consonant
• saying "bado" for "bottle"

• substitution
• a liquid is produced as a glide
• saying "wing" for "ring"

• substitution
• an alveolar or dental replaces a velar
• saying "tea" for "key"

• substitution
• fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop
• saying "to" for "shoe"

• substitution
• child subs an alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate
• saying "wats" for "watch"

• substitution
• affricate is produced in place of a fricative or stop
• saying "chun" for "sun"

• substitution
• fricative replaces an affricate
• saying "sip" for "chip"

• substitution
• posteriorly placed consonant is produced instead of anteriorly
• saying "boak" for "boat"

• sounds are changed by the influence of neighboring sounds
• reduplication, regressive, progressive, voicing

• unstressed syllable deletion
• final consonant deletion
• epenthesis (adding schwa)
• consonant cluster reduction
• diminutization (adding /i/)
• metathesis (reversing sounds in word)

being tongue-tied

deviation in the shape or structure - in this case it usually refers to a dental malocclusion

arches are properly aligned but individual teeth are misaligned

overbite - maxilla is protruded

underbite - mandible is protruded

any anatomical or physiological characteristics of the orofacial structures that interfere with normal speech, physical development

• slow, effortful speech
• prolongation of speech sounds
• repetition of sounds and syllables
• difficulty with consonant clusters
• omissions and substitutions
• voicing errors
• groping and silent posturing

50-100

refer's to a child's ability to imitate the clinician's model

• auditory discrimination/perceptual training
• phonetic placement
• drill-like repetition and practice

• based on the assumption that the syllable, not the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production
• coarticulation is important in this approach
• helpful for children with oral-motor coordination difficulties

• phonological pattern approach designed to treat children with multiple misarticulations and highly unintelligible speech patterns - 4O% or greater
• clinician introduces correct patterns, gives the child limited practice with them, and returns to them at a later date

explicit awareness of the sound structure of a language, or attention to the internal structure of words

• 25-3O% refere themselves for other conditions involving fluency, voice, and possibly dyspraxia
• impact of the first language on English is so great that their English intelligibility is reduced

• stuttering
• cluttering
• neurogenic stuttering
• psychogenic stuttering

• muscular tension
• breathing abnormalities
• negative emotions
• avoidance behaviors

• 1. anticipating trouble in speaking situations
• 2. what a person does to avoid stuttering
• 3. social role conflict

• repetition
• sound prolongation
• silent prolongation
• interjection
• pauses
• broken words
• incomplete sentences
• revisions

5%

• 5% of population has instance of stuttering
• 1% of US population
• generally begins between 3-6 years
• onset of stuttering after 12 yrs is rare
• onset in adults is rare, usually occurs after neurogenic incidence
• 3:1, male to female

the occurance of the same medical conditions in both members of a twin pair

disappearance without professional help

• excessive motor effort
• various facial grimaces
• various hand/foot movements
• rapid eye blinking
• rapid opening/closing of mouth
• tongue clicking

• consonants over vowels
• first sound/syllable of a word
• first word/phrase in sentence
• longer words
• less frequently used words
• content words over function words for adults
• function words over content words for kids
• this can be due to the fact that adults usually start with content words and kids start with function words - this further strengthens the idea that position of words rather than the actual class of words affects stuttering

frequency of stuttering is reduced when a short passage is repeatedly read aloud

• the occurance of stuttering on the same word or loci when a passage is read aloud repeatedly
• 65% of stuttering may be consistent

occurance of new stuttering that occur on word surrounding previously stuttered words

the frequency of stuttering increases with an increase in audience size

• environmental
• genetic
• neurophysiological

the focus is not on normal fluency, but on making stuttering more fluent

establish normal fluency by teaching various skills of fluency (appropriate management of airflow to produce and sustain fluent speech, slower rate of speech, and gentle onset of phonation)

stuttering with documented neuropathology such as cerebral vascular disorders causing strokes and head trauma, extrapyramidal diseases (Parkinson's), drug toxicity

• disorder of fluency that often coexists with stuttering
• speaking highly disfluently, rapid, unclear, and disorganized manner that is jerky and monotonous

the opening between abducted vocal folds

• CNX - vagus nerve
• superior and recurrent laryngeal nerve branches that innervate larynx

• it supplies all sensory information below the vocal folds
• if damaged, patient may experience difficulty adducting the vocal folds

• uppermost tracheal ring
• completely surrounds the trachea

• supraposterior surface of the cricoid cartilage on either side
• pyramid shaped
• vocal process are the most anterior angel

• 125 Hz (men)
• 225 Hz (women)

an age related voice disorder characterized by perceptual changes in quality, range, loudness, and pitch in the older voice

• aryepiglottic folds
• ventricular folds (false)
• true vocal folds

• pitch
• volume
• quality

the perceptual correlation of frequency

perceptual correlation of intensity or loudness

a person's habitual pitch

cycle-to-cycle variation of vocal intensity

• the perceptual correlation of complexity
• can be measured by hoarseness, harshness, strain-strangled, or breathiness

• heard when vocal folds vibrate very slowly
• sound occurs in slow but discrete bursts and is extremely low pitch
• crackly

• two distinct pitches during phonation
• "double voice"

voice sounds shrill, unpleasant, and somewhat high pitched

bright light source and small mirror to lift the velum and press gently against the patient's posterior pharyngeal wall during phonation of /i/

• performed by surgeon under general anesthesia
• can observe direct microscopic view of the larynx but no phonation so vocal function can't be observed
• valuable tool for biopsy

thin, flexible tube containing lens and light source passed through patient's nasal cavity, over velum, to view larynx

• flexible (nasally) and rigid (orally) where patient can do variety of things
• can study laryngeal anatomy and physiology in detail
• endoscopy can be attached to a camera (videoendoscopy) or a stroboscopic (flashing) light source can be used

• electroglottography (EGG): noninvansive indirect measure
• electromyography (EMG): invasive direct measure

the modification of sound by the structures through which the sound passes

• hypernasality: excessive nasality
• hyponasality: denasality
• assimilative: nasal consonant carries over to adjacent vowels
• cul-de-sac: backward retraction of tongue, often seen in the deaf population

spread of cancer to other regions

• removal of the larynx due to cancer
• patient may need radiation or chemotherapy

• VF are gone after laryngectomy so normal voicing is not possible
• may need stoma or opening in lower part of neck connecting to trachea
• vocalization types: external device, esophageal speech, surgical modification

• localized, inflammatory, vascular lesion composed of granular tissue is a firm, rounded sac
• frequently develop on vocal process of arytenoid cartilage
• caused by vocal abuse, injury, intubation, GERD

• soft, pliable, filled with blood
• occur in posterior glottal area
• caused by intubation or hyperacidity

• benign growths of thick whitish patches on the surface membrane of the mucosa
• caused by tissue irritation from alcohol, smoking, vocal abuse

• rough, pinkish lesion occurring in the oral cavity, larynx, or pharynx
• caused by tissue irritation

soft, floppy laryngeal cartilages - usually the epiglottis is affected

narrowing of the subglottic space which can be acquired or congenital

• wart-like growths caused by the human papilloma virus
• pink, white, or both found anywhere in the airway

A stiffening of the joint

progressive and diffuse demyelination of white matter - impaired prosody, pitch, and loudness

a neuromuscular autoimmune disease producing fatigue and muscle weakness

also known as Lou Gehrig's disease, is a progressive, fatal disease involving degeneration of the upper and lower motor neuron system

• lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
• can sound breathy, low pitched, or monotonous

small nodes (fibrous) that develop on the vocal folds that develop over time as a result of prolonged vocal abuse behaviors

masses that grow (fluid filled) on vocal folds due to vocal abuse

sores or craterlike areas of ulceration, granulated tissue that develop along glottal margin

an acquired neurological syndrome that is usually accompanied by progressive deterioration in intellectual functioning, language, memory, emotion, behavior

• subcortical
• kills the brain cells that control movement
• loss of neurons in the basal ganglia

• 35-55% of Parkinson's patients have dementia
• brainstem deterioration
• slow voluntary movements, muscle rigidity, masklike face

• type of cortical demetia
• intellectual and language deterioration precedes motos deficits
• causes 50% of irreversible dementia

alcohol abuse related dementia

• group of characteristics related to perceptual and attentional deficits that also affect communication
• visual/spatial perception, facial recognition, arousal, attention, orientation, emotional experience, musical harmony, prosody

• injury to the brain due to external force or physical trauma
• caused by: falls, auto accidents, struck by an object, assults, alcohol/drug abuse
• open and closed injuries

loss of previously acquired reading skills

loss in previously acquired writing skills

impaired understanding of the meaning of a certain stimuli

• 2 years
• 5-7 years

what theories were used in the test's creation

• synergistic and differential recovery theory: L1 and L2 recover equally, most common
• antagonistic recovery theory: one recovers at expense of other
• successive recovery theory: one lang recovers after other lang is completely recovered
• selective recovery theory: only one recovers

• auricle/pinna: part you can see
• external auditory membrane: from pinna to tympanic membrane/eardrum

• tympanic membrane: vibrates in response to sound pressure
• ossicular chain: malleus, incus, stapes
• eustachian tude: opened by tensor veli palatini and levator veli palatini, connects middle ear to nasophaynx

• vestibular system: movement, balance, posture
• cochlea: connects to auditory branch of acoustic nerve

• Up to 15 dB: normal
• 16-40: mild
• 41-55:moderate
• 56-70: moderately severe
• 71-90: severe
• 90+: profound

the effectiveness and efficiently with which the central auditory nervous system utilizes auditory information

damage to the nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from external auditory canal to cortex

transfer of acoustic energy

acoustic immitance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument

• hearing aids
• cochlear implant
• tactile aids
• assistive devices

ensures that clients receive services that are known to be based on reliable and valid research and sound clinical judgment

• case history
• hearing screening
• orofacial examination
• interview
• speech language sample

• if a test measures what it's supposed to measure
• concurrent: degree a new test related to a test of established validity
• construct: degree test scores are consistent with theories
• content: degree of validity based on exam of all items
• predictive: degree test can predict future performance

degree to which a test can replicate what is measured

• nominal: measures categorically without numerical relationship
• ordinal: measures using a numerical relationship

evaluates day-to-day communication skills

assesses child's ability to learn when provided with instructions

teaching, training, and any type of remedial or rehabilitation work

selecting and strengthening behaviors arranging immediate consequences unders specific stimulus conditions

• treatment offered any time after initial dismissal from services
• important for maintenance

the degree to which the participant's awareness of the participation in a study affects the outcome of the study

• shock and disbelief
• denial
• anger
• grief
• guilt
• anxiety

• inappropriate use of swear words or obscene language
• usually seen in Tourette syndrome

• palatoglossus
• tensor veli palatini
• levator veli palatini

genioglossus

the back and forth movement of air molecules because of a vibrating object

an articulation therapy that emphasizes the syllable as the basic unit of speech production and heavily utilizes the concept of phonetic environment

• lateral cricoarytenoids
• transverse arytenoids

vocal fold adduction

the lowest intensity that will stimulate the auditory system

back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic

deciphers speech by looking at the face of the speaker and using visual cues to understand what the speaker is saying

Broca's

suggests the ways in which 2 variables are related to each other

the clinician waits for the child to initiate a response, prompts or models if there is no response, and gives the desired objects if no response after 3 months

stuttering is directly reduced without teaching fluency skills