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wilhelm wundt
- -started 1st psychological lab
- -points out introspection (self observation)
- -discucess feelings, emotions, thoughts
- -earliest father of psychology
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sigmund freud
- -iceberg theory
- -author of interpreatation of dreams
- -used theory of psychoanalysis and free assocation
- -unconscious mind
- -freudian slip
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william james
- -harvard professor
- -focuses on stream of consciousness
- -studies habits
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edward thornlike
- -studies animal intelligence n behavior
- -uses reinforcement
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john watson
- -studies kids
- -predict n control behavior
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ivan pavlov
-links smell n sight to food with a tone
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carl rogers
-empasizes client centered therapy
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BF skinner
-like thornlike, uses reinforcement
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herman ebbinhaus
-studies memory
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max werthimer
- -wants to fix a person as a whole
- -starts gestalt psychology
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mary calkins
- -female pioneer of psychology
- -professor at harvard
- -starts American psychology association
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jean piaget
-studies how chidlren think and learn
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functionalism -
consciousness through everday life
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structuralism -
focus on structure of mind
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focuses on ppl having freedom to choose
humanism
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focuses on how ppl or animals adapt, learn
behaviorism
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scientific study of behavior and mental processes
psychology
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studies the specialty of medicine
psychiatrist
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how we store, process and retrieve info
cognitive
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4 goals of psycology-
- 1. what is happening
- 2. explanation - why
- 3. prediction
- 4. control
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4 steps of scientific method
- -ask a question
- -hypothesis
- -test it
- -draw conclusions
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3 ways to observe ppl:
- -records
- -behavior
- -self reports
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consciousness refers to
a variety of aspects of relationship btw the mind and the world which it interacts
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4 types of consciousness;
- -directed: fully focused on 1 thing
- -flowing: jumping from 1 thought to another
- -daydreams: making up things that you like to happen
- -divided: being in palces at once mentally
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when a person stops breathing during their sleep
sleep apnea
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altered state of consciousness
state in which theres a shift in the quality of pattern of mental activty as compared to waking consciousness
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2 kinds of insomnia
- -early awakening (waking up ealy and cant go back to sleep)
- -sleep on set -not sleep at all
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narcolepsy
person switching from fully awake to sleeping
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24 hr sleep cycle
circadian rhyhem
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jet lag
pattern of fatigue, sleepign problems when traveling
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REM sleep is most prvalent during
infancy
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stage of sleep that is the deepests?
stage 4
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hypnosis
state of consciousness designed to be responsible for suggestion
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hypnotic suspectibility
having a better ability to focus attention
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posthypnotic suggestions
instructions given under hynosis.. AFTER
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posthypnotic amnesia
memory loss for events discloseed during hypnosis
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age regression
attepting to recall a childhood memory
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REM sleep is known as
paradoxical sleep
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priming -
responding to stimulus faster than before
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mere exposure effect -
tendency to like older stimulus than new ones
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lucid dreaming -
daytime activies that can have impact on dreaming
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cravings for a certain drug
withdrawal symptoms
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what controls the growth and is known as the master gland, size of a pea?
pituitary gland
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the brain and spinal cord makes up the
central nervous system
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lowest part of the brain
hindbrain
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what part of the brain controls breathing, heartbeat, rflexes, posture and swells at the top of spinal cord?
medulla
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this is located above the medulla that controls balance and hearing
pons
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cerebellum..
controls muscle tone, hearing
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the thalamus..
station for messages going to and from brain
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hypothalamus..
small part but important, controls motives n emotions, eating, drinkin
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the limbic system includes
amygdala and hippocampus
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amygdala -
controls emotions
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hippocampus -
watches for danger signals
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the corpus callosum -
connects 2 hemispheres and allows communication btw them
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this lobe is located behind frontal lobe at top of skull
parietal lobe
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lobe located in rear of brain - receives input from eyes
occipital lobe
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lobe located behind forehead, organizes n pridicts
frontal lobe
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lobe located on sides of brain, input from ears
temporal lobe
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form of facial paralysis resutlting from dystfunction that results inability to control facial muscles on affected side
bell's palsy
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alzheimor's disease:
neurologica disease discovered by alois alzheimer
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4 types of alzheimers:
- -progressive; gets worse
- -degenerative; tangles
- -familial; passed from family
- -sporadic; random form of AD
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change in behavioral state that results in electrical activity in brain
seizures
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learning disability that impairs a person's fluency in being able to read, memorize, etc.
dyslexia
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maturation
natural growth/change
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study of how genes affect behavior
behavioral genetics
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schemas -
a specific plan for knowing the world
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assimiation -
the proces of fitting objects n experiences into one's schemas
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accomodation -
adjustment of one's schema
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a child's realization that an object exists even when they cant see or touch it
object permanance
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the principle that a given quantity doesnt change when its appearance is changed
conservation
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a young child's inability to understand another person's perspective
egocentric
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inherited tendancy or responses that are displayed by newborns
imprinting
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an infant's clinging response
grasping reflex
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infant's response in turning toward the source of touching that occurs anywhere around their mouth
rooting reflex
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sensorimontor period -
birth to 2 yrs old, schemas, assimilation, accomodation and object permanence
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preoperational period -
2-7 yrs old, understand, create, draw, talk, pretend, egocentric, conservation
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concrete operational pd -
7-11 yrs old, less egocentric, use simple logic and mental operations
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formal operation pd -
11 and up, abstract concepts, look at things more logically
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info-processing theory is
examining how we take in infor, remmebering and how we use it.
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infantile amnesia is -
adults cant remmber a time when they were 3 yrs old
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lev vygotsky -
takes look at what ppl learn by investigating their culture
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mary ainsworth discovered
attachment n insecurity of a child
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this parenting style is strict, doesnt encourage independence
authoritarian
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parenting style that is complete freedom, little discipline
permissive
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parenting style that reasons w/ kids, set limits
authoritive
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who came up with moral development theory?
lawrence kohlberg
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4 of kohlberg's stages of moral development:
- -children are egocentric
- -have better idea of how to receive awards n void punishment
- -less concerned w/ the approval of others
- -become sensitive to what other ppl think
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who developed psychosocial development theory?
erik erikson
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who developed model of death n dying
kubler ross
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5 stages of kubler ross's model of death and dying:
- -denial
- -anger
- -bargaining
- -depression
- -acceptance
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study of dying and death
thanatology
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study of the effects of aging
gerontology
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a place for terminally ill ppl
hospice
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a successful midlife transition for men fosters a sense of
generativity
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biological end of childhood is marked by
puberty
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major development task of adolenscence is building an
identity
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who proposed that culture might play a role in adolescence development
margaret mead
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who developed the social learning theory
albert bandura
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