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Cell theory
- Living things are made of cells
- Cell is the unit of life
- Cells come from preexisting cells
- Contain hereditary information
- Chemically the same
- Energy flows within cells
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Plasma membrane
- Flexible boundary between the cell and the environment
- Selectively permeable
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Prokaryotic cells
- Domains Bacteria and Archaea
- Smaller size
- Simpler structure
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Eukaryotic cells
- Domain Eukarya (animalia, plantae, protists, fungi)
- More complex
- Larger cells
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Chromosomes
Carry genes made of DNA
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Ribosomes
Tiny structures that make proteins
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Cytoplasm
- The interior of the cell
- In eukaryotic cells doesn't include the nucleus
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Flagella
Long projection that propels prokaryotic cells through liquid environments
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Organelles
Little organs inside a cell that perform specific functions
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Cellular metabolism
- Chemical activities of the cell
- Happen mostly in organelles
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Nucleus
- Contains cell DNA
- Controls cell activity through protein synthesis
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Chromatin
- Loose chromosomes
- Seen when cell isn't dividing
- A diffuse mass
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Nuclear envelope
- Double membrane surrounded the nucleus
- perforated to release mRNA
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Nucleolus
Produces rRNA to synthesize ribosomes
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Endomembrane system
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
- Golgi apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Vesicles
- Membranes in a cell that work together
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Vesicles
- Sacs made of membrane
- Transfer membrane segments
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Endoplasmic reticulum
- Flattened sacs and tubules
- Continuous with nuclear envelopes
- 2 types-smooth and rough
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Smooth ER
- Lacks attached ribosomes
- Synthesizes lipids
- Detoxifies cells
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Rough ER
- Ribosomes stud the outside
- Make more membrane
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Golgi apparatus
- Stack of flattened sacs
- Correlates with protein secretion
- Molecular warehouse and finishing factory
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Lysosome
Membranous sac of digestive enzymes
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Vacuoles
- Large vesicles
- Food vacuole: digests food
- Contractile vacuoles: take in water then expel it
- Central vacuole: plant cells grow by absorbing water
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Peroxisomes
- Metabolic compartments not from the endomembrane system
- Break down fatty acids, detoxify compounds, produce hydrogen peroxide
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Mitochondria
- Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in most eukaryotic cells
- Converts sugar to ATP
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Mitochondrial matrix
- Enclosed in second membrane
- Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes
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Cristae
Folds in the inner membrane that increase the surface area and ability to produce ATP
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Chloroplasts
Photosynthesizing organelles-solar power system
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Stroma
- Thick fluid in the inner membrane of the chloroplasts
- Where Calvin Cycle occurs
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Thylakoids
- Network of interconnected sacs
- Light dependent reactions take place
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Granum
- Each stack of thylakoids
- Plural grana
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Endosymbiont theory
Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that started living inside larger cells for convenience
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Cytoskeleton
- Protein fibers extended throughout the cytoplasm
- Fibers give support to the shape and help the cell move
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Microfilaments
- Solid rods composed of actin arranged in a double chain
- Support cell's shape
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Intermediate filaments
- Fibrous proteins that coil into thick cables
- Anchor organelles and hold the shape
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Microtubules
- Straight hollow tubes made of tubulins
- Support/shape the cell and allow organelles to move around
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Cilia
Short numerous appendages that help protists move
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