Bio 4.txt

• Living things are made of cells
• Cell is the unit of life
• Cells come from preexisting cells
• Contain hereditary information
• Chemically the same
• Energy flows within cells

• Flexible boundary between the cell and the environment
• Selectively permeable

• Domains Bacteria and Archaea
• Smaller size
• Simpler structure

• Domain Eukarya (animalia, plantae, protists, fungi)
• More complex
• Larger cells

Carry genes made of DNA

Tiny structures that make proteins

• The interior of the cell
• In eukaryotic cells doesn't include the nucleus

Long projection that propels prokaryotic cells through liquid environments

Little organs inside a cell that perform specific functions

• Chemical activities of the cell
• Happen mostly in organelles

• Contains cell DNA
• Controls cell activity through protein synthesis

• Loose chromosomes
• Seen when cell isn't dividing
• A diffuse mass

• Double membrane surrounded the nucleus
• perforated to release mRNA

Produces rRNA to synthesize ribosomes

• Rough ER
• Smooth ER
• Golgi apparatus
• Lysosomes
• Vacuoles
• Vesicles
• Membranes in a cell that work together

• Sacs made of membrane
• Transfer membrane segments

• Flattened sacs and tubules
• Continuous with nuclear envelopes
• 2 types-smooth and rough

• Lacks attached ribosomes
• Synthesizes lipids
• Detoxifies cells

• Ribosomes stud the outside
• Make more membrane

• Stack of flattened sacs
• Correlates with protein secretion
• Molecular warehouse and finishing factory

Membranous sac of digestive enzymes

• Large vesicles
• Food vacuole: digests food
• Contractile vacuoles: take in water then expel it
• Central vacuole: plant cells grow by absorbing water

• Metabolic compartments not from the endomembrane system
• Break down fatty acids, detoxify compounds, produce hydrogen peroxide

• Organelles that carry out cellular respiration in most eukaryotic cells
• Converts sugar to ATP

• Enclosed in second membrane
• Contains mitochondrial DNA and ribosomes

Folds in the inner membrane that increase the surface area and ability to produce ATP

Photosynthesizing organelles-solar power system

• Thick fluid in the inner membrane of the chloroplasts
• Where Calvin Cycle occurs

• Network of interconnected sacs
• Light dependent reactions take place

• Each stack of thylakoids
• Plural grana

Mitochondria and chloroplasts were formerly small prokaryotes that started living inside larger cells for convenience

• Protein fibers extended throughout the cytoplasm
• Fibers give support to the shape and help the cell move

• Solid rods composed of actin arranged in a double chain
• Support cell's shape

• Fibrous proteins that coil into thick cables
• Anchor organelles and hold the shape

• Straight hollow tubes made of tubulins
• Support/shape the cell and allow organelles to move around

Short numerous appendages that help protists move