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lazzsant
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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Difference between spinal and cranial meninges
- Cranial dura mater is double layered and attached to skull
- Spinal dura mater is single layered and suspended in vertebral canal = real space between dura and periosteum
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Describe the path of CSF
Choro plexus - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina (of monroe) - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct(sylvius) - fourth ventricle - Median aperture(magendie) or L & R lateral aperture (luschka) - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - sinuses - internal jugular vein
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Cerebral artery or vein rupture
- leads to
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- intraventricular hemorrhage
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Where does CN 1 end
Olfactory nerve ends at the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
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Where does CN II exit
Optic nerve exits via the optic canal
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What nerves exit via the superior orbital fissure?
- Occulomotor (III)
- Trochlear nerve (IV)
- Abducens nerve (VI)
- opthalmic nerve (V)1
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What exits via foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V)2
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What exits via foramen ovale
Mandibular nerve (V)3
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What exits via internal acoustic meatus
- Facial nerve (VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
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What exits via jugular foramen
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- Vagus Nerve (X)
- Accessory nerve (XI)
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What exits via hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
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Neocortex
- 6 layers
- (cerebral cortex)
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Paleocortex
olfactory cortex (3 layer allocortex)
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Archicortex
hippocampus (allocortex 3 layers)
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Supragranular layers I, II, III
- Connect to other areas of cortex
- Prominent in associative cortex
- (cerebral cortex)
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Granular layer IV
(cerebral cortex)
- recieves input from the thalamus
- prominent in primary sensory cortex
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Infragranular layers V & VI
(Cerebral cortex)
- Connect to subcortical regions
- V: sends outputs to basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord.
- Most prominent in motor cortex.
VI: sends output to the thalamus
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Myelination in the cerebral cortex
- Starts in utero in the motor cortex
- ends between 20-25 in the frontal lobes
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Miller-Dieker syndrome
Neuronal migration disorder --> 4 cortical layers --> lissencephaly(smooth)--> delyaed development
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Schizencephaly
- abnormal pattern of sulcal and gyral development
- cleft from ventricle to cortex lined by gray matter
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What comprises the Inferior parietal lobule?
(cerebral cortex)
- Supramarginal gyrus
- angular gyrus
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What comprises the inferior frontal gyrus?
(Cerebral cortex)
- Pars opercularis
- Pars triangularis
- Pars orbitalis
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Association
Commissure
Projections
(cerebral cortex)
- Association- ipsilateral hemisphere
- Commissure- contralateral hemisphere
- Projections- tracts
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Organophosphates inhibit what
(Neurotransmitters)
AchE via irreversible inhibition
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What do
- adrenergic receptors
-dopamine receptors
-muscarinic receptors
- opiate receptors
Have in common?
(neurotransmitters)
They are G-protein linked
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What do
-Nicotinic receptors
-GABA-A receptors
-NMDA receptors
have in common?
(neurotransmitters)
They are ligand gated ion channels
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What is the effect of binding to a muscarinic receptor vs nicotinic receptor?
(Neurotransmitter)
- Muscarinic - IP3 and dec cAMP
- Nicotinic is ligand gated Na channel
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Atropine and scopolamine block which receptor?
(neurotransmitter)
Muscarinic receptor
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Curare blocks which receptor?
Nicotinic
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Pathway to make EPI
- Tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase)
- L-DOPA (Dopa-decarboxylase)
- Dopamine (Cu+, ascorbate)
- NEP (SAM)
- EPI
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Indoleamine synthesis
- L-Trytophan
- 5-hydroxytryptophan
- Serotonin
- melatonin
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Similarities and differences between MAO B & MAO A
- Both break down EPI and NEP
- MAO B breaks down dopamine
- MAO A breaks down serotonin
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Difference in treament of LDOPA and deprenyl(MAO-B inhibitor) and anticholinergics
- L-DOPA is precursor but increase in this leads to inc breakdown. --> radical formation
- deprenyl leads to inc dopamine but no inc in breakdown
- anticholinergics dec Ach which leads dopamine to dominate
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Difference between Tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine and methylphenidate vs amphetamine
TCA, cocaine and methylphenidate inhibit reuptake of NEP & 5-HT (latter dopamine)
while amphetamine increases release of dopamine, 5-HT & NEP
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What vitamin is needed for glutamte to convert into GABA
pyroxidine (vitamin B6)
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Difference between barbituate and benzodiazepines
- Barbituates stimulate GABA-A receptor
- Bz sensitize GABA-A receptor
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