Semester 2 Neuro

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Difference between spinal and cranial meninges
- Cranial dura mater is double layered and attached to skull
- Spinal dura mater is single layered and suspended in vertebral canal = real space between dura and periosteum
Describe the path of CSF

Choro plexus - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina (of monroe) - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct(sylvius) - fourth ventricle - Median aperture(magendie) or L & R lateral aperture (luschka) - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - sinuses - internal jugular vein
Cerebral artery or vein rupture
- leads to
- subarachnoid hemorrhage
- intraparenchymal hemorrhage
- intraventricular hemorrhage
Where does CN 1 end

Olfactory nerve ends at the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Where does CN II exit

Optic nerve exits via the optic canal
What nerves exit via the superior orbital fissure?
- Occulomotor (III)
- Trochlear nerve (IV)
- Abducens nerve (VI)
- opthalmic nerve (V)1
What exits via foramen rotundum

Maxillary nerve (V)2
What exits via foramen ovale

Mandibular nerve (V)3
What exits via internal acoustic meatus
- Facial nerve (VII)
- Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What exits via jugular foramen
- Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
- Vagus Nerve (X)
- Accessory nerve (XI)
What exits via hypoglossal canal

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Neocortex
- 6 layers
- (cerebral cortex)
Paleocortex

olfactory cortex (3 layer allocortex)
Archicortex

hippocampus (allocortex 3 layers)
Supragranular layers I, II, III
- Connect to other areas of cortex
- Prominent in associative cortex
- (cerebral cortex)
Granular layer IV
(cerebral cortex)
- recieves input from the thalamus
- prominent in primary sensory cortex
Infragranular layers V & VI
(Cerebral cortex)
- Connect to subcortical regions
- V: sends outputs to basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord.
- Most prominent in motor cortex.
VI: sends output to the thalamus
Myelination in the cerebral cortex
- Starts in utero in the motor cortex
- ends between 20-25 in the frontal lobes
Miller-Dieker syndrome

Neuronal migration disorder --> 4 cortical layers --> lissencephaly(smooth)--> delyaed development
Schizencephaly
- abnormal pattern of sulcal and gyral development
- cleft from ventricle to cortex lined by gray matter
What comprises the Inferior parietal lobule?
(cerebral cortex)
- Supramarginal gyrus
- angular gyrus
What comprises the inferior frontal gyrus?
(Cerebral cortex)
- Pars opercularis
- Pars triangularis
- Pars orbitalis
Association
Commissure
Projections
(cerebral cortex)
- Association- ipsilateral hemisphere
- Commissure- contralateral hemisphere
- Projections- tracts
Organophosphates inhibit what
(Neurotransmitters)

AchE via irreversible inhibition
What do
- adrenergic receptors
-dopamine receptors
-muscarinic receptors
- opiate receptors
Have in common?
(neurotransmitters)

They are G-protein linked
What do
-Nicotinic receptors
-GABA-A receptors
-NMDA receptors
have in common?
(neurotransmitters)

They are ligand gated ion channels
What is the effect of binding to a muscarinic receptor vs nicotinic receptor?
(Neurotransmitter)
- Muscarinic - IP3 and dec cAMP
- Nicotinic is ligand gated Na channel
Atropine and scopolamine block which receptor?
(neurotransmitter)

Muscarinic receptor
Curare blocks which receptor?

Nicotinic
Pathway to make EPI
- Tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase)
- L-DOPA (Dopa-decarboxylase)
- Dopamine (Cu+, ascorbate)
- NEP (SAM)
- EPI
Indoleamine synthesis
- L-Trytophan
- 5-hydroxytryptophan
- Serotonin
- melatonin
Similarities and differences between MAO B & MAO A
- Both break down EPI and NEP
- MAO B breaks down dopamine
- MAO A breaks down serotonin
Difference in treament of LDOPA and deprenyl(MAO-B inhibitor) and anticholinergics
- L-DOPA is precursor but increase in this leads to inc breakdown. --> radical formation
- deprenyl leads to inc dopamine but no inc in breakdown
- anticholinergics dec Ach which leads dopamine to dominate
Difference between Tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine and methylphenidate vs amphetamine

TCA, cocaine and methylphenidate inhibit reuptake of NEP & 5-HT (latter dopamine)

while amphetamine increases release of dopamine, 5-HT & NEP
What vitamin is needed for glutamte to convert into GABA

pyroxidine (vitamin B6)
Difference between barbituate and benzodiazepines
- Barbituates stimulate GABA-A receptor
- Bz sensitize GABA-A receptor

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lazzsant

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Card Set

Semester 2 Neuro

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Semester 2 neuro

Updated

2012-01-18T02:38:33Z

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