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Semester 2 Neuro
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Difference between spinal and cranial meninges
Cranial dura mater is double layered and attached to skull
Spinal dura mater is single layered and suspended in vertebral canal = real space between dura and periosteum
Describe the path of CSF
Choro plexus - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina (of monroe) - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct(sylvius) - fourth ventricle - Median aperture(magendie) or L & R lateral aperture (luschka) - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - sinuses - internal jugular vein
Cerebral artery or vein rupture
leads to
subarachnoid hemorrhage
intraparenchymal hemorrhage
intraventricular hemorrhage
Where does CN 1 end
Olfactory nerve ends at the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
Where does CN II exit
Optic nerve exits via the optic canal
What nerves exit via the superior orbital fissure?
Occulomotor (III)
Trochlear nerve (IV)
Abducens nerve (VI)
opthalmic nerve (V)1
What exits via foramen rotundum
Maxillary nerve (V)2
What exits via foramen ovale
Mandibular nerve (V)3
What exits via internal acoustic meatus
Facial nerve (VII)
Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
What exits via jugular foramen
Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
Vagus Nerve (X)
Accessory nerve (XI)
What exits via hypoglossal canal
Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
Neocortex
6 layers
(cerebral cortex)
Paleocortex
olfactory cortex (3 layer allocortex)
Archicortex
hippocampus (allocortex 3 layers)
Supragranular layers I, II, III
Connect to other areas of cortex
Prominent in associative cortex
(cerebral cortex)
Granular layer IV
(cerebral cortex)
recieves input from the thalamus
prominent in primary sensory cortex
Infragranular layers V & VI
(Cerebral cortex)
Connect to subcortical regions
V
: sends outputs to basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord.
Most prominent in motor cortex.
VI: sends output to the thalamus
Myelination in the cerebral cortex
Starts in utero in the motor cortex
ends between 20-25 in the frontal lobes
Miller-Dieker syndrome
Neuronal migration disorder --> 4 cortical layers --> lissencephaly(smooth)--> delyaed development
Schizencephaly
abnormal pattern of sulcal and gyral development
cleft from ventricle to cortex lined by gray matter
What comprises the Inferior parietal lobule?
(cerebral cortex)
Supramarginal gyrus
angular gyrus
What comprises the inferior frontal gyrus?
(Cerebral cortex)
Pars opercularis
Pars triangularis
Pars orbitalis
Association
Commissure
Projections
(cerebral cortex)
Association- ipsilateral hemisphere
Commissure- contralateral hemisphere
Projections- tracts
Organophosphates inhibit what
(Neurotransmitters)
AchE via irreversible inhibition
What do
- adrenergic receptors
-dopamine receptors
-muscarinic receptors
- opiate receptors
Have in common?
(neurotransmitters)
They are G-protein linked
What do
-Nicotinic receptors
-GABA-A receptors
-NMDA receptors
have in common?
(neurotransmitters)
They are ligand gated ion channels
What
is
the effect of binding to a muscarinic receptor vs nicotinic receptor?
(Neurotransmitter)
Muscarinic - IP3 and dec cAMP
Nicotinic is ligand gated Na channel
Atropine and scopolamine block which receptor?
(neurotransmitter)
Muscarinic receptor
Curare blocks which receptor?
Nicotinic
Pathway to make EPI
Tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase)
L-DOPA (Dopa-decarboxylase)
Dopamine (Cu+, ascorbate)
NEP (SAM)
EPI
Indoleamine synthesis
L-Trytophan
5-hydroxytryptophan
Serotonin
melatonin
Similarities and differences between MAO B & MAO A
Both break down EPI and NEP
MAO B breaks down dopamine
MAO A breaks down serotonin
Difference in treament of LDOPA and deprenyl(MAO-B inhibitor) and anticholinergics
L-DOPA is precursor but increase in this leads to inc breakdown. --> radical formation
deprenyl leads to inc dopamine but no inc in breakdown
anticholinergics dec Ach which leads dopamine to dominate
Difference between Tricyclic antidepressants and cocaine and methylphenidate vs amphetamine
TCA, cocaine and methylphenidate inhibit reuptake of NEP & 5-HT (latter dopamine)
while amphetamine increases release of dopamine, 5-HT & NEP
What vitamin is needed for glutamte to convert into GABA
pyroxidine (vitamin B6)
Difference between barbituate and benzodiazepines
Barbituates stimulate GABA-A receptor
Bz sensitize GABA-A receptor
Author
lazzsant
ID
126978
Card Set
Semester 2 Neuro
Description
Semester 2 neuro
Updated
1/18/2012, 2:38:33 AM
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