Semester 2 Neuro

• Cranial dura mater is double layered and attached to skull
• Spinal dura mater is single layered and suspended in vertebral canal = real space between dura and periosteum

Choro plexus - lateral ventricles - interventricular foramina (of monroe) - third ventricle - cerebral aqueduct(sylvius) - fourth ventricle - Median aperture(magendie) or L & R lateral aperture (luschka) - subarachnoid space - arachnoid villi - sinuses - internal jugular vein

• leads to
• subarachnoid hemorrhage
• intraparenchymal hemorrhage
• intraventricular hemorrhage

Olfactory nerve ends at the cribiform plate of ethmoid bone

Optic nerve exits via the optic canal

• Occulomotor (III)
• Trochlear nerve (IV)
• Abducens nerve (VI)
• opthalmic nerve (V)1

Maxillary nerve (V)2

Mandibular nerve (V)3

• Facial nerve (VII)
• Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)

• Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
• Vagus Nerve (X)
• Accessory nerve (XI)

Hypoglossal nerve (XII)

• 6 layers
• (cerebral cortex)

olfactory cortex (3 layer allocortex)

hippocampus (allocortex 3 layers)

• Connect to other areas of cortex
• Prominent in associative cortex
• (cerebral cortex)

• recieves input from the thalamus
• prominent in primary sensory cortex

• Connect to subcortical regions
• V: sends outputs to basal ganglia, brain stem and spinal cord.
• Most prominent in motor cortex.

VI: sends output to the thalamus

• Starts in utero in the motor cortex
• ends between 20-25 in the frontal lobes

Neuronal migration disorder --> 4 cortical layers --> lissencephaly(smooth)--> delyaed development

• abnormal pattern of sulcal and gyral development
• cleft from ventricle to cortex lined by gray matter

• Supramarginal gyrus
• angular gyrus

• Pars opercularis
• Pars triangularis
• Pars orbitalis

• Association- ipsilateral hemisphere
• Commissure- contralateral hemisphere
• Projections- tracts

AchE via irreversible inhibition

They are G-protein linked

They are ligand gated ion channels

• Muscarinic - IP3 and dec cAMP
• Nicotinic is ligand gated Na channel

Muscarinic receptor

Nicotinic

• Tyrosine (tyrosine hydroxylase)
• L-DOPA (Dopa-decarboxylase)
• Dopamine (Cu+, ascorbate)
• NEP (SAM)
• EPI

• L-Trytophan
• 5-hydroxytryptophan
• Serotonin
• melatonin

• Both break down EPI and NEP
• MAO B breaks down dopamine
• MAO A breaks down serotonin

• L-DOPA is precursor but increase in this leads to inc breakdown. --> radical formation
• deprenyl leads to inc dopamine but no inc in breakdown
• anticholinergics dec Ach which leads dopamine to dominate

TCA, cocaine and methylphenidate inhibit reuptake of NEP & 5-HT (latter dopamine)

while amphetamine increases release of dopamine, 5-HT & NEP

pyroxidine (vitamin B6)

• Barbituates stimulate GABA-A receptor
• Bz sensitize GABA-A receptor