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Aldose
The C=O or carboxyl group is in the first postition
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Ketose
The C=O or carboxyl group is on the 2nd C
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Triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose-
- triose- 3 C
- pentose- 4C
- pentose- 5C
- hexose- 6C
These can be aldose or ketose sugars
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hemiacetal and hemiketal
- hemiacetal--aldehyde + alcohol
- hemiketal--keton + alcohol
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glycosidic bond
bond between the anomeric carbon of a carbohydrate and an R group.
C-O and C-N
These bonds involve only the anomeric carbon
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what is an epimer
if the optical isomers differ in only one chiral carbon atom configuration
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what is an anomer
the cyclization of a monosaccharide forms 2 new stereoisomers which are called anomers
This usually happens if the open chain sugar is dissolved in water it will undergo cyclization and give two products that are beta and alpha anomers
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what does it mean to be a reducing sugar?
The OH group is present and free on the anomeric carbon = reducing sugar
A reducing sugar is one that tests positive with either benedicts(brick red) or tollens testing(silver)
Aldoses and ketoses are positive reducing sugar
the sugar is oxcidized and the agent is reduced
Fructose is a ketone which are very resistant to oxcidation but it can be converted into an intermediate that is then oxcidized so it is refered to as a reducing sugar
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mutarotation
the change in the optical rotation during the formation of the anomers in an quilibrium mixture
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glucose, mannose, galactose, glyceraldehyde, sucrose, maltose, lactose, cellobiose
glyceraldehyde--the simplest of the sugars and assigns configuration to other sugars
all active sugars have a D conformation
maltose- alpha 1,4 glycosidic bond, reducing sugar
Cellobiose- beta 1,4 glycosidic bond, reducing sugar
Sucrose- alpha1, beta2 glycosidic bond, non-reducing sugar
lactose- beta 1,4 glycosidic bond, reducing sugar
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Structural differences between amylose and amylopectin and glycogen and cellulose
They are starch, storage form of glucose
Amylose- has alpha 1,4 linkages
Amylopectin(major storage form of glucose)- has alpha 1,4 linkages and branches with alpha 1,6 linkages every 24-30 units
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Saturated vs. unsaturated fatty acids
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what is the structure of a triglyceride?
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what are the health risks associated with trans- fatty acids
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Name the types of sccharides (sugars)
monoscacchrides--carbs that cannot be hydrolyzed to simpler carbs
Oligosacchrides- carbs whose hydrolysis is 2-20 monosaccharides
disacchrides--carbs that can be hydrolyzed into two monosacchrides, also an oligosacchride
- polysacchrides(glycans)- carbs whose hydrolysis yields greater than 20 monosacchrides
- they differ in the mono units, lengthm glycosidic bonds, presence of branching
- they are insoluble in water
- if they have a free hydroxyl group on their anomeric carbon they are reducing sugars
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becasue there are multiple attachment sites on a single sugar.....
....there is a large number of different configurations/ linear and branched/ that can be formed
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what is the consequence of carbohydrates have no ionizable groups?
There are no amino groups or carboxyl groups on a carbohydrate that can accept or donate electrons
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Explain L vs D configuration of sugars
The L is if the carboxyl group is on the left
- The D is if the carboxl group is on the right
- all in vivo are D configuration
The last ciral Carbon atom farthest from the carbonyl carbon is the one that determines whether the sugar is the L or D form
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How many sterioisomers are there if there are 6 assymetric carbons?
64
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anomeric carbon
the hemiacetal or the hemiketal in which the two anomers differ in functional group attachment
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alpha-D-glucopyranose and beta-D-glucopyranose with their anomeric carbons
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Glycogen
- storage of glucose in animal cells
- has the same structure as amylopectin just more linkages usually every 8-10 sugars
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cellulose
glucose units are joined by beta 1,4 glycosidic linkages
strait chains with hydrogen bonds that help sheets stack on top of each other
rigid, insoluble structures that the human body cannot digest because we dont make the enzyme cellulase to break it down
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