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name the 9 ABDOMINOPELVIC regions
- right hypochondriac region
- epigastric region
- left hypochondriac region
- right lumbar region
- umbilical region
- left lumbar region
- right inguinal (iliac) region
- hypogastric (pubic) region
- left inguinal (iliac) region
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what is in the RUQ?
LIVER
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what is in the LUQ?
SPLEEN/ STOMACH, LEFT KIDNEY
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what is in the RLQ?
- CECUM (WHERE SM INTESTINE MEETS LG)
- APPENDIX
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what is in the LLQ?
LEFT OVARY (IF A WOMAN)
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DEFINE HOMEOSTASIS
CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM (BALANCE) IN THE BODY'S INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT DUE TO THE CONSTANT INTERACTION
EX: PLAYGROUND, EVERYONE'S PLAYING NICE
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WHAT ARE THE 3 BASIC COMPONENTS OF A FEEDBACK SYSTEM?
- RECEPTORS- MONITORS CONTROLLED CONDITION
- CONTROL CENTER- RECEIVES INPUT AND PROVIDES OUTPUT
- EFFECTORS- BRING ABOUT CHANGE IN CONTROLLED CONDITION
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
RESPONSE REVERSES THE STIMULUS- OUR BODY DOESN'T WANT IT TO HAPPEN, SO IT DOES SOMETHING TO FIX IT- THEY WANT SOMETHING TO STOP
*THE MAJORITY OF FEED BACK IN THE BODY IS NEGATIVE
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POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP
RESPONSE ENHANCES OR INTENSIFIES THE STIMULUS- WANT SOMETHING TO KEEP GOING, CONTINUES UNTIL SYSTEM IS DEPELTED OR STIMULUS GOES AWAY OR PROBLEM IS RESOLVED
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3 EXAMPLES OF POSITIVE FEEDBACK:
- *BLOOD CLOTTING
- *CHILDBIRTH
- *SEVERE BLOOD LOSS
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3 EXAMPLES OF NEGATIVE FEEDBACK:
- *BODY TEMP
- *BLOOD GLUCOSE
- *BLOOD PRESSURE
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WHY IS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK THE MOST COMMONLY USED MECHANISM TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS?
THEY ARE SELF REGULATING, THERE IS SOME PRE-EXISTING SETPOINT AND WHEN THE SYSTEM RETURNS TO THAT NORMAL RANGE, THE FEEDBACK LOOP IS SHUT DOWN WITHOUT FURTHER INTERVENTION
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST POSITIVE & NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
- *POSITIVE REINFORCES CHANGE, WHERE NEGATIVE REVERSES CHANGE
- *POSITIVE ACTION CONTINUES UNTIL INTERRUPTION, WHERE NEGATIVE ACTION STOPS AUTOMATICALLY WHEN SETPOINT IS REACHED
- *POSITIVE REINFORCES CONDITIONS THAT DON'T HAPPEN VERY OFTEN, WHERE NEGATIVE REGULATES CONDITIONS THAT REMAIN FAIRLY STABLE OVER LONG PERIODS
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HOW DO DISRUPTIONS IN HOMEOSTASIS LEAD TO DISEASE?
YOUR BODY HAS NARROW LIMITS, WHEN SOMETHING AFFECTS THAT THE SETPOINT OF HOMEOSTASIS IS DISRUPTED, IF THE INBALANCE IS MODERATE THEN A DISEASE OCCURS, IF SEVERE, THEN DEATH
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SIGNS
WHAT WE SEE
EX: RASH, SWELLING, PUS, VOMITING...
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SYMPTOMS
WHAT THE PATIENT FEELS INTERNALLY
EX: NAUSEA, PAIN, SHORTNESS OF BREATH, HEADACHE...
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SYNDROME
SET OF SIGNS AND/OR SYMPTOMS THAT OFTEN OCCUR TOGETHER
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METABOLIC SYNDROME
(EX OF SYNDROME)
- FOUR SIGNS OCCUR TOGETHER:
- HYPERTENSION
- DYSLIPIDEMA
- OBESITY
- TYPE II DIABETES
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COMPARE AND CONTRAST DISEASES FROM INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL SOURCES...
INTERNAL (AUTOIMMUNE DISEASES) ARE CAUSED BY GENETIC FACTORS AND EXTERNAL (INFECTIOUS DISEASES) ARE CAUSED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
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HOW ARE INFECTIONS SPREAD THROUGH POPULATIONS?
- MODES OF DISEASE TRANSMISSION:
- *CONTACT TRANSMISSION
- *COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
- *AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
- *VECTOR TRANSMISSION
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CONTACT TRANSMISSION
- DIRECT (TOUCHING, KISSING...)
- INDIRECT (FOMITES: SHARED OBJECTS)
- DROPLET (DISTANCE <1 METER)
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COMMON VEHICLE TRANSMISSION
CONTAMINATED FOOD, WATER, BLOOD
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AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION
PATHOGENS STAY ALIVE IN DROPLETS OR DUST TRAVELING >1 METER
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VECTOR TRANSMISSION
- ORGANISM THAT TRANSMITS DISEASE
- TICKS, MOSQUITO, FLIES
* CARRIER- IF THE VECTOR DOES NOT APPEAR TO BE ILL
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AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE AQUIRED IN A HOSPITAL?
NOSOCOMIAL
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EXOGENOUS
TRANSMITTED FROM EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT
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ENDOGENOUS
INFECTIONS ARISE FROM ORGANISMS ALREADY PRESENT
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METER (QUANTITY & SYMBOL)
LENGTH, m
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KILOGRAM (QUANTITY & SYMBOL)
MASS, kg
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LITER (QUANTITY & SYMBOL)
VOLUME, l
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metric system
- tera 12
- giga 9
- mega 6
- kilo 3
- hecto 2
- deca 1
- deci -1
- centi -2
- milli -3
- micro -6
- nano -9
- pico -12
- *when you cross you +
- *when you stay on same side you -
- *when going from big to small -
- *when going small to big +
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CONVERTING US CUSTOMARY TO METRIC
*MULTIPLY BY WHAT YOU KNOW BY WHAT YOU NEED TO FIND
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INCHES TO CENTIMETERS
MULTIPLY BY 2.54
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MILES TO KILOMETERS
MULTIPLY BY 1.61
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OUNCES TO GRAMS
MULTIPLY BY 28.35
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POUNDS TO KILOGRAMS
MULTIPLY BY 0.45
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FLUID OUNCES TO MILLILITERS
MULTIPLY BY 29.57
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KILOGRAMS TO POUNDS
MULTIPLY BY 2.21
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