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abesecker12
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polar bonds
a polar bond is a type of covalent bond between two atoms or more in which electrons are shared unequally.
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nonpolar bonds
Nonpolar covalent bonds, with equal sharing of the bond electrons, arise when the electronegativities of the two atoms are equal.
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Hydrogen bond
the attractive interaction of ahydrogen atom with anelectronegative atom
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pH
is a measure of soil acidity or soil alkalinity
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isomers
compounds with the same molecular formulabut different structural formulas.
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polymer
composed of repeatingstructural units.
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dehydration synthesis
involves the loss of water from the reacting molecule
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hydrolysis
It is the type of reaction that is used to break down certain polymers
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Carbohydrate
an organic compound that consists only ofcarbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, with a hydrogen:oxygenatom ratio of 2:1 (as in water).
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monosaccharides
simplest form of a carbohydrate
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polysaccaride
longcarbohydrate molecules, of repeated monomer units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
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Glycosidic Linkage
type of covalent bond that joins acarbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group, which may or may not be another carbohydrate.
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starch
acarbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds.
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Glycogen
amolecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage inanimal and fungal cells
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lipids
constitute a broad group of naturally occurring molecules that includefats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K),monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others.
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fatty acid
acarboxylic acid with a long unbranched aliphatic tail (chain), which is either saturated orunsaturated.
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Saturated Fats
is fat that consists of triglyceridescontaining only saturated fatty acids. Saturated fatty acids have no double bonds between the individualcarbon atoms of the fatty acid chain.
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Unsaturated Fat
a fat or fatty acid in which there is at least one double bond within the fatty acid chain.
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Phospholipid
a class of lipids that are a major component of all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.
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Proteins
are biochemicalcompounds consisting of one or more polypeptides
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amino acids
are molecules containing an amine group, a carboxylic acid group, and a side-chain that is specific to each amino acid.
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Peptides
are short polymers ofamino acid monomerslinked by peptide bonds.
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peptide bond
acovalent chemical bond formed between two molecules when thecarboxyl group of one molecule reacts with the amino group of the other molecule, causing the release of a molecule of water
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Primary Structure
is the exact specification of its atomic composition and the chemical bonds connecting those atoms
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Secondary Structure
is the general three-dimensional form of local segments ofbiopolymers such as proteinsand nucleic acids
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Tertiary Structure
any other macromolecule is its three-dimensional structure, as defined by the atomic coordinates
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Quaternary Structure
is the arrangement of multiple foldedprotein or coiling protein molecules in a multi-subunit complex
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