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the Scientific method steps
- Identify the problem- make an observation
- Research and form a hypothesis
- Test your hypothesis – experimentation
- Collect and record data
- Conclusion- analyze your data, was your hypothesis correct?
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independent variable
the variable being tested
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dependent variable
The variable being measured
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control group
A group that remains the same
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experimental group
The group that is changed
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the four types of microscopes
- 1. Compound light microscopes
- 2. Electron microscope
- 3.Transmission electron microscope
- 4.Scanning electron microscope
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8 characteristics of life
Reproduce
Grow and develop
Use energy
Made of cells
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the conversion chart
- Kilo Hecto Deka Basic Deci Centi
- Milli Micro Nano
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the levels of organization
- Organism
- Population
- Community
- Ecosystem
- Biome
- Biosphere
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organism
a single living thing
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population
several organisms of the same species sharing space at the same time
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community
group of interacting organisms sharing space at the same time
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ecosystem
Biological community
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biome
Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and similar types of communities
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biosphere
part of the earth that supports life
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niche
is the role or position that an organism has in its environment
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habitat
is an area where an organism lives
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competition
occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time
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intraspecific
Competition between organisms of the same species
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interspecific
Competition between organisms of different species
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predation
An individual of one species called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey
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symbiotic relations
when 2 or more organisms live together
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mutualism
both organisms benefit
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commensalism
one species benefits the other is unaffected
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parisitism
host is harmed and the parasite benefits
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autotroph
make their own food
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heterotroph
consume other organisms for energy
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herbivore
eat only producers
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carnivore
eat only other consumers
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omnivore
consume plants and animals
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detritovore
feed on the garbadge in the ecosystem
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scavengers
feed on organisms that have recently died
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decomposers
break down complex molecules
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ecological cycles
- Carbon cycle
- Nitrogen cycle
- Phosphorous cycle
- Water cycle
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atoms
the building blocks of matter
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protons
positively charged, contain mass
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neutrons
no charge, contains mass
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electrons
negatively charged, insignificant mass
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element
a pure substance that cant be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means
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atomic number
tells us the # of protons (and electrons)
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symbol
unique for each element.
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atomic mass
# of protons and neutrons
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isotopes
contain the same # of protons as the element, but a different number of neutrons.
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ions
charged atom or groups of atoms
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compound
A pure substance formed when 2 or more elements combine.
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molecule
compound held together by covalent bonds.
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carbohydrates
carbon : hydrogen :oxygen (CH2O)
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lipids
Made mostly of C and H
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protein
is made of small carbon compounds called amino acids
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nucleic acid
complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.
acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides
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solute
whats being dissolved
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solvent
what a substance dissolves in
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solution
a mixture of two or more substances (solvent and solute)
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What is acid for pH?
H+>OH- (sour)
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What is base for pH?
H+<OH- (bitter)
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enzymes
Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction)
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What is a reaction?
Molecules breaking or coming together
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reactant
What goes in the reaction
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product
What comes out of the reaction
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activaion energy
minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products
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exothermic
released heat energy
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endothermic
absorbed heat energy
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How is a Enzyme substrate complex formed?
When a substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme, this forms an enzyme substrate complex.
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Robert Hooke
in 1665, saw dead plant cells using a light microscope, Called them “cellulae” (small rooms)
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Lee Uwenhoek
Was the first person to observe living cells, made microscope with a magnification 10X “Father of microscopes”
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cell theory
- -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
- -Cells are the basic units of structure and organization of all living organisms
- -Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells
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cell membrane
The wall- protects the internal structures of the cell, determines what comes in and out of the cell.
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cytoplasm
clear fluid that contains the organelles
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cytoskeleton
Provides the framework for the cell, holds organelles in place
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nucleus
controls the cell.
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nucleolus
produces ribosomes
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nuclear pores
allow things in and out of nucleus.
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ribosomes
Makes polypeptide chains of amino acids, producing Proteins.
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rough ER
contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.
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smooth ER
No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (fats).
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golgi
modifies proteins and fats and gets them ready for export!
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vacuole
large water “bubble” in a plant cell, maintains the shape of the cell, without it, the plant cell would shrink and the plant would wilt.
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lysosomes
contain enzymes, break down cellular waste product and debris.
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centrioles
Involved in cell division, works in pairs
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mitochondria
Converts oxygen into energy
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cilia and flagella
Used in cells for movement, used in stationary cells for moving substances around the outside of the cell.
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chloroplasts
Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (sugar).
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cell wall
Rigid structure, provides strength for the cell.
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What is the difference between plant and animal cells?
- plant cells are square, have big vacuoles, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Animal cells have small vacuoles, centrioles and
- lysosomes.
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prokaryotes
Do not have a distinct nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles
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eukaryotes
Contain a nucleus, contain membrane-bound organelles, makes up most multicellular organisms
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What is the cell membrane structure made of?
The cell membrane structure is made of a phospholipid bilayer
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diffusion
Movement of molecules from High concentration to Low Concentration by random motion
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passive transport
Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy
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osmosis
Diffusion of water, flows from high to low concentration
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facilitated diffusion
Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins
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active transport
Specific protein that can pump molecules across the membrane, usually in opposite direction of diffusion (Low concentration to high concentration), Requires energy.
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isotonic solution
water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.
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hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is higher inside the cell, and water diffuses into the cell.
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hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is higher outside the cell and water diffuses out of the cell.
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phospholipid
- "Phospho”-Hydrophillic, Polar (heads)and “lipid”-Hydrophobic, Non-polar
- (tails)
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plasmolysis
State where plant cells shrink in hypertonic environment
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cytolysis
State where cells Burst in hypotonic environment
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turger pressure
When Pressure builds up as water moves in and out via Osmosis in plants
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Thermodynamics
is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe
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Laws of thermodynamics
- First law —energy can be converted from one form
- to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
- Second law —energy cannot be converted without
- the loss of usable energy.
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Light
energy that travels in waves
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Visible light
- the light we see
- - ROYGBIV
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ATP
- Adenosine Tri Phosphate,
- Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups
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Making ATP
For each NADH=3ATP, For each FADH2= 2 ATP
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Photosynthesis
light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell·
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Photosynthesis equation
Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H20--> C6H12O6 + 6O2
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Chlorophyll
- green pigment that aids in photosynthesis, found in leaves, appears green and
- allows plants to capture light·
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Light dependant reactions
- light energyis absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH(also produces oxygen).
- - takesplace in the thylakoids -
- Inputs:light and water
- Outputs:Oxygen, ATP and NADPH·
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Light Independent reactions (CalvinCycle)
- takes place in the stroma, makes glucose
- Inputs:ATP, NADPH, and Co2
- Outputs:Glucose
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Cellular respiration
- organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell,organisms obtain energy.
- Inputs:Oxygen, glucose
- Outputs:6Co2, 6H20, and ATP·
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Cell respiration equation
Equation: C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP
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3 steps of cellular respiration
glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transportchain
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Glycolysis
- Occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks glucose apart
- Inputs:Glucose, ATP, ADP, NAD+
- Outputs:2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, NET- 2 ATP and NADH
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Kreb cycle
- occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix
- Inputs:2 pyruvates, ADP, FAD, NAD+, Co-A
- Outputs: 3Co2, 4NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2
- Multiply x2 the amount of pyruvates
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Aerobic Respiration
with oxygen
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Anaerobic Respiration
without oxygen
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