Bio Midterm

• Identify the problem- make an observation
• Research and form a hypothesis
• Test your hypothesis – experimentation
• Collect and record data
• Conclusion- analyze your data, was your hypothesis correct?

the variable being tested

The variable being measured

A group that remains the same

The group that is changed

• 1. Compound light microscopes
• 2. Electron microscope
• 3.Transmission electron microscope
• 4.Scanning electron microscope

• Display
• organization

Reproduce

Grow and develop

Use energy

Made of cells

• Respond to
• stimuli

• Adaptations over
• time

• Maintains
• Homeostasis

• Kilo Hecto Deka Basic Deci Centi
• Milli Micro Nano

• Organism
• Population
• Community
• Ecosystem
• Biome
• Biosphere

a single living thing

several organisms of the same species sharing space at the same time

group of interacting organisms sharing space at the same time

Biological community

Large group of ecosystems that share the same climate and similar types of communities

part of the earth that supports life

is the role or position that an organism has in its environment

is an area where an organism lives

occurs when more than one organism uses a resource at the same time

Competition between organisms of the same species

Competition between organisms of different species

An individual of one species called the predator, eats all or part of an individual of another species called the prey

when 2 or more organisms live together

both organisms benefit

one species benefits the other is unaffected

host is harmed and the parasite benefits

make their own food

consume other organisms for energy

eat only producers

eat only other consumers

consume plants and animals

feed on the garbadge in the ecosystem

feed on organisms that have recently died

break down complex molecules

• Carbon cycle
• Nitrogen cycle
• Phosphorous cycle
• Water cycle

the building blocks of matter

positively charged, contain mass

no charge, contains mass

negatively charged, insignificant mass

a pure substance that cant be broken down into other substances by physical or chemical means

tells us the # of protons (and electrons)

unique for each element.

# of protons and neutrons

contain the same # of protons as the element, but a different number of neutrons.

charged atom or groups of atoms

A pure substance formed when 2 or more elements combine.

compound held together by covalent bonds.

carbon : hydrogen :oxygen (CH2O)

Made mostly of C and H

is made of small carbon compounds called amino acids

complex macromolecules that store and transmit genetic information.

acids are made of smaller repeating subunits called nucleotides

whats being dissolved

what a substance dissolves in

a mixture of two or more substances (solvent and solute)

H+=OH-

H+>OH- (sour)

H+<OH- (bitter)

Specialized proteins that act as “catalyst” (speeds up a reaction)

Molecules breaking or coming together

What goes in the reaction

What comes out of the reaction

minimum amount of energy needed for reactants to turn into products

released heat energy

absorbed heat energy

When a substrate fits in the active site of an enzyme, this forms an enzyme substrate complex.

in 1665, saw dead plant cells using a light microscope, Called them “cellulae” (small rooms)

Was the first person to observe living cells, made microscope with a magnification 10X “Father of microscopes”

• -All living organisms are composed of one or more cells
• -Cells are the basic units of structure and organization of all living organisms
• -Cells come only from the reproduction of existing cells

The wall- protects the internal structures of the cell, determines what comes in and out of the cell.

clear fluid that contains the organelles

Provides the framework for the cell, holds organelles in place

controls the cell.

produces ribosomes

allow things in and out of nucleus.

Makes polypeptide chains of amino acids, producing Proteins.

contains ribosomes and synthesizes proteins.

No ribosomes, synthesizes lipids (fats).

modifies proteins and fats and gets them ready for export!

large water “bubble” in a plant cell, maintains the shape of the cell, without it, the plant cell would shrink and the plant would wilt.

contain enzymes, break down cellular waste product and debris.

Involved in cell division, works in pairs

Converts oxygen into energy

Used in cells for movement, used in stationary cells for moving substances around the outside of the cell.

Capture light energy and convert it to chemical energy (sugar).

Rigid structure, provides strength for the cell.

• plant cells are square, have big vacuoles, chloroplasts, and a cell wall. Animal cells have small vacuoles, centrioles and
• lysosomes.

Do not have a distinct nucleus, no membrane-bound organelles

Contain a nucleus, contain membrane-bound organelles, makes up most multicellular organisms

The cell membrane structure is made of a phospholipid bilayer

Movement of molecules from High concentration to Low Concentration by random motion

Movement of particles across the cell membrane without using energy

Diffusion of water, flows from high to low concentration

Movement of materials across the plasma membrane using proteins

Specific protein that can pump molecules across the membrane, usually in opposite direction of diffusion (Low concentration to high concentration), Requires energy.

water and dissolved substances diffuse into and out of the cell at the same rate.

Solute concentration is higher inside the cell, and water diffuses into the cell.

Solute concentration is higher outside the cell and water diffuses out of the cell.

• "Phospho”-Hydrophillic, Polar (heads)and “lipid”-Hydrophobic, Non-polar
• (tails)

State where plant cells shrink in hypertonic environment

State where cells Burst in hypotonic environment

When Pressure builds up as water moves in and out via Osmosis in plants

is the study of the flow and transformation of energy in the universe

• First law —energy can be converted from one form
• to another, but it cannot be created nor destroyed.
• Second law —energy cannot be converted without
• the loss of usable energy.

energy that travels in waves

• the light we see
• - ROYGBIV

• Adenosine Tri Phosphate,
• Structure: Adenine base, ribose sugar, and 3 phosphate groups

For each NADH=3ATP, For each FADH2= 2 ATP

light energy from the Sun is converted to chemical energy for use by the cell·

Chemical equation: 6CO2 + 6H20--> C6H12O6 + 6O2

• green pigment that aids in photosynthesis, found in leaves, appears green and
• allows plants to capture light·

• light energyis absorbed and converted into chemical energy in the form of ATP and NADPH(also produces oxygen).
• - takesplace in the thylakoids -
• Inputs:light and water
• Outputs:Oxygen, ATP and NADPH·

• takes place in the stroma, makes glucose
• Inputs:ATP, NADPH, and Co2
• Outputs:Glucose

• organic molecules are broken down to release energy for use by the cell,organisms obtain energy.
• Inputs:Oxygen, glucose
• Outputs:6Co2, 6H20, and ATP·

Equation: C6H12O6+6O2-->6CO2 + 6H20 + ATP

glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and electron transportchain

• Occurs in the cytoplasm, breaks glucose apart
• Inputs:Glucose, ATP, ADP, NAD+
• Outputs:2 pyruvates, 4 ATP, NET- 2 ATP and NADH

• occurs in the Mitochondrial matrix
• Inputs:2 pyruvates, ADP, FAD, NAD+, Co-A
• Outputs: 3Co2, 4NADH, 1 ATP, 1 FADH2
• Multiply x2 the amount of pyruvates

with oxygen

without oxygen