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Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
Acetazolamide
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Acetazolamide
Mechanism: inhibits CA leading to decreased H+ secretion in PT (via NHE) causing decreased rebasorption of Na+ and HCO3-
Indications: glaucoma, acute mountain sickness
Adverse Effects: Hypokalemia, Metabolic acidosis, nephrolithiasis
Other: max decreased Na+ reabsorption = 5%
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Loop Diuretics
- Furosemide (Lasix)
- Bumetanide (Blimex)
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Furosemide (Lasix)
Mechanism: Inhibit NKCC2 --> decreased reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in thick AL
Indications: Edema, HTN, Acute hypercalcemia
Adverse Effects: Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, postural hypotension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, ototoxicity (tinnitus)
Other: maximum decreased Na+ reabsorption 25-30%, 'high ceiling diuretics'
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Bumetanide (Blimex)
Mechanism: Inhibit NKCC2 --> decreased reabsorption of Na+ and Cl- in thick AL
Indications: Edema, HTN, Acute hypercalcemia
- Adverse Effects: Hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypocalcemia,
- hypomagnesemia, hyperuricemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, postural
- hypotension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia, ototoxicity (tinnitus)
Other: maximum decreased Na+ reabsorption 25-30%, 'high ceiling diuretics'
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Thiazide Diuretics
- Hydrochlorothiazide
- Chlorothalidone
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Hydrochlorothiazide
Mechanism: inhibit NCC --> decreased reabsorption of Na+, Cl- in DCT
Indications: HTN, edema, Nephrolithiasis due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Adverse Effects: hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalcemia, hypomagnesemia, hypouricemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, postural hypotension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemia
Other: max decrease in Na+ reabsorption 5-8%
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Chlorthalidone
- Mechanism: inhibit NCC --> decreased reabsorption of Na+, Cl- in DCTIndications: HTN, edema, Nephrolithiasis due to idiopathic hypercalciuria, nephrogenic diabetes insipidusAdverse
- Effects: hypokalemia, metabolic alkalosis, hypercalcemia,
- hypomagnesemia, hypouricemia, hyponatremia, hypovolemia, postural
- hypotension, hyperglycemia, hyperlipidemiaOther: max decrease in Na+ reabsorption 5-8%
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K+ Sparing Diuretics
- Amiloride
- Triamterene
- Spironolactone
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Amiloride
Mechanism: block ENaC --> decreased reabosrption of Na+ in CD
Indications: Edema, HTN, primary/secondary hyperaldosteronism
Adverse Effects: Hyperkalemia, Metabolic acidosis, spironolactone: endocrine side effects
Other: Max decrease in Na+ reabsorption 1-2%, most commonly used in combination therapy, alone usually used for hyperaldosteronism
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Triamterene
Mechanism: block ENaC --> decreased reabosrption of Na+ in CD
Indications: Edema, HTN, primary/secondary hyperaldosteronism
Adverse Effects: Hyperkalemia, Metabolic acidosis, spironolactone: endocrine side effects
- Other: Max decrease in Na+ reabsorption 1-2%, most commonly used in
- combination therapy, alone usually used for hyperaldosteronism
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Spironolactone
Mechanism: inhibit binding of aldosterone to cytoplasmic minearlocorticoid receptor --> decreased reabosorption of Na+ in CD via ENaC
Indications: Edema, HTN, primary/secondary hyperaldosteronism
Adverse Effects: Hyperkalemia, Metabolic acidosis, spironolactone: endocrine side effects
- Other: Max decrease in Na+ reabsorption 1-2%, most commonly used in
- combination therapy, alone usually used for hyperaldosteronism
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Osmotic Diuretics
Mannitol
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Mannitol
Mechanism: inhibit reabsorption of Na+, other solutes by a physiological mechanism (mainly involving PT)
Indications: rapid induction of large natiuresis and diuresis, shift of fluid from IC to EC (cerebral edema, dialysis disequilibrium syndrome, crush injuries, glaucoma)
Adverse Effects: pulmonary edema in pts with decreased LV function
Other: max decrease Na+ reabosrption 20%
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Aquaretics
- Conivaptan
- Tolvaptan
- Demeclocycline
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Conivaptan
Mechansim: block V2 receptors
Indications: hyponatremia (due to SIADH)
Adverse Effects: Hypernatremia, Dehydration
Other: Conivaptan only approved for short term IV use, Tolvaptan given orally but should be initiated in hospital)
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Tolvaptan
Mechansim: block V2 receptors
Indications: hyponatremia (due to SIADH)
Adverse Effects: Hypernatremia, Dehydration
Other: Conivaptan only approved for short term IV use, Tolvaptan given orally but should be initiated in hospital)
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Demeclocycline
Mechanism: decrease responsiveness of CD to ADH
Indications: Hyponatremia (due to SIADH)
Adverse Effects: Hypernatremia, Dehydration, nausea, vomiting, photosensitivity, Lithium (neuropsychiatric side effects, weight gain)
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