The flashcards below were created by user
kris10leejmu
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
-
What are preanesthetic agents?
Drugs given before the general anesthetic drugs are given.9
-
List 4 reasons to use preanesthetic drugs
- Tranquilize
- Reduce side effects
- Balanced anesthesia
- Analgesia
-
Do all patients need to be tranquilized before they are anestheized?
No
-
What are the 2 main advantages to tranquilizing a veterinary patient before anesthesia?
Reduces the amount of drug needed for general anesthesia & makes the patient easier to work with
-
List 4 side effects of general anesthetic drugs that may be reduced by administration of preanesthetic drugs
- Salvation
- Bradycardia
- Arrhythmia
- Vomiting
-
What is "balanced anesthesia"?
Using a combination of preanesthetic & anesthetic drugs in order to decrease the doses of each, decrease side effects, & increase patient safety
-
Are all preanesthetic drugs analgesic?
No
-
List 2 advantages of using an analgesic drug as a preanesthetic drug.
Pain relief can help with procedures such as a catheterization. Also the pain control may last long enough to provide post op relief for short procedures
-
Name the 2 main classes of preanesthetic drugs
- Anticholinergics
- Tranquilizers and sedatives
-
Name another class of drug that can be used as a preanesthetic
Analgesics
-
Do all tranquilizers and sedatives have analgesic effects
No (example - acepromazine is a tranquilizer but not analgesic)
-
Do some tranquilizers and sedatives have analgesic effects?
Yes (example - xylazine)
-
Do all analgesic drugs also act as tranquilizers or sedatives l?
No (examples - aspirin is analgesic but not a tranquilizer)
-
Do some analgesic drugs also act as tranquilizers or sedatives?
Yes (example - butorphanol)
-
What does "anticholinergic" mean?
"anti" - against, "choline" - acetylcholine. Against acetylcholine - a drug that blocks some of the effects of acetylcholine
-
What does parasympathetic mean?
"parasympatho" - parasympathetic. "lytic" - lyse, burst, destroy. A drug that blocks parasympathetic effects. Since acetylcholine is the main parasympathetic neurotransmitter, this means the same thing as "anticholinergic"
-
If a drug blocks parasympathetic effects in the patient, what kind of effects is that patient going to show?
Sympathetic effects
-
Name the 2 main examples of anticholinergic drugs.
-
The nervous system has both "incoming" and "outgoing" impulses. What type of impulse is Afferent?
Sensory - touch, sight, hearing, taste, smell
-
What type of pulse is efferent?
Motor - causes contraction of muscles, secretion of glands
-
What are 2 types of motor impulses?
- Voluntary - skeletal muscle
- Autonomic - smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
-
What general type of body functions is the autonomic nervous system concerned with? Give examples
Involuntary control. Functions that the individual cannot consciously control. Examples - blood pressure & heart rate
-
What are 2 parts of the autonomic nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system
-
The sympathetic nervous system operates under what general condition?
Fight or flight
-
What body functions does sympathetic stimulation tend to increase?
- Heart rate
- Respiratory rate
- Blood pressure
-
What body function does sympathetic stimulation tend to decrease?
Gastrointestinal function
-
Name the 2 main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
-
The parasympathetic nervous system operates under what general conditions?
Rest and restore
-
What body functions does parasympathetic stimulation tend to decrease?
- Heart rate
- Respiratory rate
- Blood pressure
-
What body function does parasympathetic stimulation tend to increase?
Gastrointestinal function
-
Name the main neurotransmitters of the parasymapthetix nervous system
Acetylcholine
-
Name the 2 main types of parasympathetic receptors.
-
Are nicotinic receptors located close to the CNS or on organs?
Close to the CNS
-
Are muscarinic receptors located close to the CNS or on organs?
On organs
-
Which type of receptor is found at the neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle cells - nicotinic or muscarinic?
Nicotinic
-
Do anticholinergic drugs block nicotinic or muscarinic receptors?
Muscarinic
-
Name the 2 main examples of anticholinergic drugs
-
Are anticholinergic drugs commonly given SQ or IM?
SQ
-
Are anticholinergic drugs commonly given IV?
No - is possible, just not common
-
Can anticholinergics be mixed in the same syringe with ace, ketamine, and butorphanol?
Yes
-
Can anticholinergics be mixed with diazepam?
No
-
What is the advantage of mixing drugs into one syringe?
Less pain and stress for the patient
-
What plant is atropine originally derived from?
European deadly nightshade - belladonna atropa
-
Is atropine analgesic?
No
-
Is atropine a tranquilizer?
No
-
Name the main nerve supplying parasympathetic stimulation to the organs of the thorax and most of the abdomen l?
Vagus nerve
-
What nerve carries sensory information from the thorax and most of the abdomen to the brain?
Vagus
-
What nerve (left and right branches) lies on each side of the trachea?
Vagus nerve
-
What happens to the patients heart rate when the trachea or abdominal viscera are handled?
Heart rate slows down
-
Do atropine and glycopyrrolate stimulate or block stimulation of the vagus nerve?
Block stimulation
-
Does administration of atropine and glycopyrrolate cause or block bradycardia?
Blocks bradycardia
-
Is salvation considered to be a gastrointestinal function?
Yea
-
Does administration of atropine and glycopyrrolate cause or block salvation?
Blocks salvation
-
What problems can excess salvation cause during anesthesia?
-
Does administration of atropine and glycopyrrolate cause or block GI activity?
Blocks GI activity
-
Does atropine tend to cause or prevent vomiting?
Prevent vomiting
-
What is miosis? What is mydriasis?
- Miosis - constriction of pupil
- Mydriasis - dilation of pupil
-
Does atropine cause miosis or mydriasis?
Mydriasis
-
Does atropine increase or decrease tear secretions?
Decrease
-
What should you do about decreased tear secretions in your anesthetic patient?
Place artificial tears or ophthalmic ointment in his eyes
-
Is it possible for atropine administration to cause problems in a patient with dyspnea? How?
Yes - can dry up respiratory secretions causing blockage of airways, & can cause bronchodilation, which means that the patient has to pull in more air ( or more anesthetic gases) in order to get air to his alveoli
-
What is a contradiction?
A reason not to use a drug
-
List 4 contraindications to use of atropine
- Tachycardia
- Congestive heart failure
- Constipation
- Respiratory distress
-
What is an indication?
A reason to use a drug
-
List 4 indications for use of atropine
- Preanesthetic
- Antidotal for organophosphate toxicity
- Antispasmodic for vomiting and diarrhea
- Topical mydriatic
-
The effects of which drug last longer - atropine or glycopyrrolate?
Glycopyrrolate
-
Which drug has les tendency to cause tachycardia and cardiac arrhythmia - atropine or glycopyrrolate?
Glycopyrrolate
-
Which drug suppresses salivation better - atropine or glycopyrrolate?
Glycopyrrolate
-
Which drug cost more - atropine or glycopyrrolate?
Glycopyrrolate
-
Is glycopyrrolate analgesic?
No
-
Is glycopyrrolate a tranquilizer?
No
-
List the 3 main classes of tranquilizers and sedatives
Phenothiazines, benzodiazepine, Thorazine derivatives
-
List 3 specific phenothiazine drugs. Which one is most commonly used in small animal medicine?
- Acepromazine, chlorpromazine, triflupromazine
- Acepromazine is most commonly used in small animal medi ine
-
What is the long form of the word acepromazine? What is the short form?
- Acetylpromazine maleate
- Ace
-
What color is an acepromazine solution?
Yellow
-
Is acepromazine an emetic or an antiemetic?
Antiemetic - prevents vomiting
-
What effect does act administration have on the third eyelids?
Causes them to prolapse
-
Does ace cause or prevent cardiac arrhythmias?
Prevent - antiarrhythmic
-
Should we use ace as a preanesthetic on an animal about to undergo allergic skin testing? Why or why not?
No - is antihistaminic, prevents skin reaction to allergens
-
Is ace more likely to cause hypotension or hypertension? Why?
Hypotension - low blood pressure, because it causes peripheral vasodilation
-
Should ace be given to an animal who dehydrated or in shock?
No
-
Should ace be given to a patient who is prone to seizures?
No - lowers the seizure threshold
-
Which drug would be the most appropriate tranquilizer to use in an apileptoc animal - acepromazine or diazepam?
Diazepam
-
-
-
What is photosensitivity? Can ace cause photosensitivity?
more likely to sunburn. Yes
-
Is ace a relatively safe drug?
Yes
-
List 3 other drugs that ace can be mixed with
- Atropine
- Ketamine
- Butorphanol
-
List 1 non-anesthetic, non-tranquilizer use for acepromazine
Antiemetic, prevent motion sickness
-
List the 3 most commonly used benzodiazepine tranquilizers/sedatives in veterinary medicine
Diazepam - Valium, zolazepam - telazol, midazolam
-
Are the benzodiazepines controlled drugs?
Yes
-
What is the common trade name of diazepam?
Valium
-
The commercial combination Telazol is composed of what 2 drugs?
Zolazepam and tiletamine
-
What are the main advantages of midazolam over diazepam?
More water soluble, can mix with more drugs, more effective IM administration
-
What effect do the benzodiazepine have on the patients frame of mind?
Anti-anxiety, calming
-
Which is a more effective tranquilizer for a healthy patient - diazepam or acepromazine?
Acepromazine
-
For our purpose in this class, is diazepam an analgesic?
No
-
What effect do the benzodiazepine have on skeletal muscle?
Relaxation - skeletal muscle relaxation
-
Which drug is the most appropriate pre-anesthetic for an epileptic patient - acepromazine or diazepam? Why?
diazepam - it is used to treat seizures in progress. Ace can cause seizure - lowers the seizure threshold
-
What does anticonvulsant mean?
Drug that treats or prevents seizures
-
Which drug is more appropriate for risky patients - ace or diazepam?
Diazepam
-
How is diazepam most commonly administered, for either preanesthetic or anticonvulsant purposes - IM, IV, or SQ?
IV
-
Should diazepam be injected IV fast or slow? Why?
Slowly - bc it's carrier - the liquid it is dissolved in - is propylene glycol, which is a cardiovascular depressant
-
Is diazepam an oil or water based compound?
Oil based
-
Can diazepam be mixed with water - soluble drugs?
No
-
What drug can diazepam be mixed with?
Ketamine
-
What drug can be used as a reverser for diazepam?
Flumazenil - anexate
-
List the 4 main uses for diazepam
Preanesthetic, treat seizure in progress, appetite stimulant in cats, behavior modification in dogs, cats and people
-
What kind of drug is zolazepam?
Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-
What kind of drug is glycopyrrolate?
Anticholinergic
-
What kind of drug is diazepam
Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
-
What kind of drug is atropine
Anticholinergic
-
What kind of drug is acepromazine
Phenothiazine tranquilizer
-
What kind of drug is midazolam
Benzodiazepine tranquilizer
|
|