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Adaptations
Characteristic that helps an organism survive longer or reproduce more under a particular set of environmental conditions.
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Alternative Hypotheses
An explanation of an obseved phenomenon that is different form the explantion being tested.
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Applied Research
Research conducted with the goal of solving specific practical problems.
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Artificial Selection
Selective breeding of organisums to ensure that certain desirable traits appear at higher frequency in successive generations.
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ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate)
The primary agent that couples exergonic and endergonic reactions.
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Biological Evolution
The process by which some individuals in a population experience changes in their DNA and pass those modied instructions to their offspring.
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Biosphere
All regions of Earth's crust, waters, and atmosphere tha sustain life.
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Cell
Smallest Unit with the capacity to live and reproduce.
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Cellular Respiration
The process by which energy-rich molecules are broken down to produce energy in the form of ATP.
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Class
A Linnaean Taxonormic Category that ranks below a phylum and above an order.
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Community
Populations of all species that occupy the same area.
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Consumers
An organisum that consumes other organisums in a community or ecosystem.
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Control
Treatment that tells what would be seen in absense of the experiemtnal manipulation.
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Decomposers
A small organisum, such as a bacterium or fungus, that fees on the remains of dead organisums, breaking down complex biological molecules or structures into simpler raw materials.
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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)
The large, double-stranded, helical molecule that contains the genetic material of all living organisms.
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Development
A series of programmed changes encoded in DNA, through which a fertilized egg divides in to many cells that ultimately are transformed into and adult, which is itself capable of reproductions.
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Domain
In Protein structure, a distinct, large structural subdivision produced in many proteins by the folding of the amino acid chain. In systematics, the highest taxonomic category; a group of cellular organisms with characteristics that set it apat as a major branch of the evolutionary tree.
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Ecosystem
Group of biological community interacting with their enviroments.
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Emergent Property
Characteristic that depends on the level of organizations of matter, but does not exist at lower levels of organisums.
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Eukaryotes
Organism in which the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus.
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Experimental Data
Information that describes the result of a careful manipulation of the system under study.
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Experimental Variable
The variable in a scientific study that is manipulated by the experimenter.
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Family
A Linnaean taxonomic category that ranks below an order and above a genus.
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Genus
A Linnaean Taxonomic category ranking below a family and above a species.
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Homeostasis
A steady internal condition maintained by responses that compensate for changes in the external enviroment.
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Hypothesis
A teneative explantaion for an obseravation, phenomenon, or scientific problem that can be tested by further investigation.
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Inheritance
The Transimission of DNA (that is, genetic information) from on gerneration to the next.
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Kingdom
A linnaean taxomic category that Ranks below a domain and above a phylum.
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Life Cycle
The sequential stages through which individuals develop, grow, maintain themselves, and reproduce.
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Metobolism
The biochemical reactions that allow a cell or organisum to extract energy from it's surroundings and use that energy to maintain itself, grow, and reproduce.
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Model Organisms
An organism with Characteristics that makw it particularly useful subject of research becasue it is likely to produce results widely applicable to other organisms.
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Multicellular Organisms
Individual consisting of interdependent cells.
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Mutations
A spontaneouss and heritable change in DNA.
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Natural Selection
The evoultionary by which alleles that increase the likelihood of survival and the reproductive output of the individual s that carry them become more common in subsequent generations.
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Null Hypothesis
A statement of what would be seen if the hyptohesis being testd were wrong.
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Observational Data
Basic information on biologiacal structures or the details of biological processes.
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Order
A linnaean taxomic category that Ranks above a family and below a class.
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Organelles
The nucleus and other specialized interal structures and compartments of eukaryotic.
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Photosyntheisis
The conversion of light energy to chemical energy in the form of sugar and other organic molecules.
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Phylum
A major linnaean division of a kingdom, ranking above all classes.
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Population
All the individuals of a single species that live tohether in the same place and time.
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Predictions
A statement about what the reseacher expects to happen to one variable if another variable changes.
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Primary Producer
An autotrop, usually a photosynthetic organism, a member of the first trophic level.
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Prokaryote
Organism in which the DNA is suspended in the cell interior without separation from other cellular components by a discrete membrane.
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Protein
Molecules that carry out most of life incuding the synthesis of all other biological molecules. A protein consists of one or more polypeptides depending on the protein.
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Replicates
Mutilple subjects that recieve either the same exoertamental treatment or the same control treatment.
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Reproduction
The process in which parents producee offspring.
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
A polymer assemled from repeating nucleotide monomers in which the five-carbon sugar is ribose. Cellular RNA include mRNA (which is translated to produce a polypeptide), tRNA(which brings amino acid to the ribosome for assembly into a polypeptide during translation), and RNA (which is a structural component of ribosomes). The genetic material of some viruses is RNA
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Scientific Method
A broadly applocable idea or hypothesis that has been confirmed by every conceivable test.
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Scientific Name
A two-part name identifying the genus to thich a species belongs and designating a particulat species within that genus.
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Unicellular Organisms
Individual consisting of a single cell.
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Variables
An environmental factor that may differ among places or an organisum characteristic that may differ among individuals.
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The Kingdom Plantae
The taxonomic kingdom encompassing all living or extinct plants.
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The Kingdom Fungi
The taxonomic kingdom encompassing all living or extinct fungi.
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The Kingdom Animalia
The Taxonomic kingdom that includes all living or extinct animals.
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