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The flashcards below were created by user
jdieken22
on FreezingBlue Flashcards.
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What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Pushing pressure that moves fluid out of capillaries.
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What are causes of sodium excess or water deficit?
Enteral feedings, osmotic diuresis, inability to respond to thirst
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What is the pathophysiology of hyperkalemia that affects muscles?
Muscle cell resting membrane potentials are hypopolarized.They contract, but can’t contract again
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What are actions of parathyroid hormone?
Increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphorus
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What are causes of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, or bone tumors
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How does acidosis cause hyperkalemia?
To raise blood pH, hydrogen ions move into cells, causing potassium to move into blood
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What is an example of osmosis? OR
What causes some manifestations of a sodium excess?
Fluid moves out of cells and cells shrink
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What are causes of fluid loss?
Vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, drainage from tubes, & diaphoresis
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How does the body respond to high serum osmolality?
Creates thirst & secretes antidiuretic hormone
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What are manifestations of a hypernatremia?
Confusion, lethargy, seizureoliguria & thirst
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What are manifestations of a hyperkalemia?
Abdominal cramping and diarrhea; low pulse, heart blocks
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What are manifestations of hypercalcemia?
Muscle weakness, ↓ deep tendon reflexes, or kidney stones
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What are manifestations of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia?
Muscle spasms, hypereactive reflexes,+Trousseau’s sign, +Chvostek’s sign
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What is the pathophysiology of hypokalemia that affects muscles?
Muscle cell resting membrane potentials are hyperpolarized; cell unresponsive to stimulus
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How do confusion, lethargy, seizures and coma develop in hyponatremia?
Cerebral cells swell because capillary osmotic pressure is low. Sodium is greater in cells than in serum.
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What are manifestations of a saline deficit?
Hypotension, tachycardia, depressed fontanels, ↓ urine output
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What are causes of saline excesses?
Hyperaldosteronism, heart failure, excessive IV saline
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What are causes of hyponatremia or water excess?
Too much ADH, excessive 5% dextrose in water (D5W) & diuretics
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What are causes of hypokalemia?
Hyperaldosteronism or abnormal loss through emesis or gastric suction
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What is the pathophysiology of hypermagnesemia that affects muscles?
When Mg ↑, little ACh is present, leading to muscle weakness
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What are causes of hypermagnesemia?
Chronic renal failure or excessive use of antacids such as milk of magnesia
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What are manifestations of a hypokalemia?
Premature/ectopic beats, decreased peristalsis or paralytic ileus
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What are causes of clinical dehydration, a combined saline and water deficits?
Vomiting/diarrhea and inability to drink OR Hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis
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What are manifestations of a saline excesses?
Edema, weight gain, bounding pulses
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What is “third spacing”?
Fluid that becomes trapped in a potential space.
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What are causes of pitting edema?
↑ capillary hydrostatic pressure, ↓ capillary osmotic pressure, &blocked lymphatics
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What forms of calcium and magnesium are physiologically active?
Free, ionized, or unattached calcium and magnesium
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What are causes of hypomagnesemia?
Emesis, gastric suction, & fistula drainage
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