-
What is capillary hydrostatic pressure?
Pushing pressure that moves fluid out of capillaries.
-
What are causes of sodium excess or water deficit?
Enteral feedings, osmotic diuresis, inability to respond to thirst
-
What is the pathophysiology of hyperkalemia that affects muscles?
Muscle cell resting membrane potentials are hypopolarized.They contract, but can’t contract again
-
What are actions of parathyroid hormone?
Increases serum calcium and decreases serum phosphorus
-
What are causes of hypercalcemia?
Hyperparathyroidism, immobilization, or bone tumors
-
How does acidosis cause hyperkalemia?
To raise blood pH, hydrogen ions move into cells, causing potassium to move into blood
-
What is an example of osmosis? OR
What causes some manifestations of a sodium excess?
Fluid moves out of cells and cells shrink
-
What are causes of fluid loss?
Vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhage, drainage from tubes, & diaphoresis
-
How does the body respond to high serum osmolality?
Creates thirst & secretes antidiuretic hormone
-
What are manifestations of a hypernatremia?
Confusion, lethargy, seizureoliguria & thirst
-
What are manifestations of a hyperkalemia?
Abdominal cramping and diarrhea; low pulse, heart blocks
-
What are manifestations of hypercalcemia?
Muscle weakness, ↓ deep tendon reflexes, or kidney stones
-
What are manifestations of hypocalcemia or hypomagnesemia?
Muscle spasms, hypereactive reflexes,+Trousseau’s sign, +Chvostek’s sign
-
What is the pathophysiology of hypokalemia that affects muscles?
Muscle cell resting membrane potentials are hyperpolarized; cell unresponsive to stimulus
-
How do confusion, lethargy, seizures and coma develop in hyponatremia?
Cerebral cells swell because capillary osmotic pressure is low. Sodium is greater in cells than in serum.
-
What are manifestations of a saline deficit?
Hypotension, tachycardia, depressed fontanels, ↓ urine output
-
What are causes of saline excesses?
Hyperaldosteronism, heart failure, excessive IV saline
-
What are causes of hyponatremia or water excess?
Too much ADH, excessive 5% dextrose in water (D5W) & diuretics
-
What are causes of hypokalemia?
Hyperaldosteronism or abnormal loss through emesis or gastric suction
-
What is the pathophysiology of hypermagnesemia that affects muscles?
When Mg ↑, little ACh is present, leading to muscle weakness
-
What are causes of hypermagnesemia?
Chronic renal failure or excessive use of antacids such as milk of magnesia
-
What are manifestations of a hypokalemia?
Premature/ectopic beats, decreased peristalsis or paralytic ileus
-
What are causes of clinical dehydration, a combined saline and water deficits?
Vomiting/diarrhea and inability to drink OR Hyperglycemia and osmotic diuresis
-
What are manifestations of a saline excesses?
Edema, weight gain, bounding pulses
-
What is “third spacing”?
Fluid that becomes trapped in a potential space.
-
What are causes of pitting edema?
↑ capillary hydrostatic pressure, ↓ capillary osmotic pressure, &blocked lymphatics
-
What forms of calcium and magnesium are physiologically active?
Free, ionized, or unattached calcium and magnesium
-
What are causes of hypomagnesemia?
Emesis, gastric suction, & fistula drainage
|
|
