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What is the fastest growing work setting for audiologists?
private practice
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Where are most audiologists currently employed?
hospitals
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What are negative consequences of living with hearing loss?
- lags in education
- reduced quality of life
- economic burdens
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What does the prevalence rate of hearing loss increase with?
increasing age
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What is the prevalence of hearing loss amoung adults over the age of 18?
35 million adults in the USA
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What causes higher costs over a lifetime?
- the earlier the hearing loss is diagnosed
- $1,000,000 when diagnosed between birth and age 2
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Who was a prominent speech pathologist who called for workers in the field of speech pathology to include the problems of those who could not hear speech?
robert west
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Robert west felt it was important to help the individual...
to "hear what he ought to hear"
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What does the term audiology mean?
the science of hearing
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Who coined the term audiology?
independently by both Norton Canfield (an otologist) and Raymond Carhart (a speech pathologist)
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What is Raymond Carhart known as?
the "father of audiology"
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Carhart and Canfield both planned and implemented programs in specialized aural rehabilitation hospitals established for...
military personnel during WWII
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What does AAA stand for?
- the american academy of audiology
- it is considered to be the first true "home" of audiology
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What do doctoral degrees include?
- the research oriented Ph.D.
- the clinically oriented Au.D.
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When did the Au.D. come into existence?
- 1993
- it is the newest professional doctorate
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What is the percentage of adults who need hearing aids and actually purchase one?
20%
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When did the field of audiology evolve?
during WWII
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What are the subspecialties of audiology?
pediatric, medical, rehabilitative, industrial, and educational
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Evidence supports the existence of what for the development of a child's first language?
a critical period
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How many words should a child know by the age of 5-7 years?
50-100 to have an opportunity to subsequently develop typical speech and language skills
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What are two key components of language?
the lexicon and syntax
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What is lexicon?
- mental dictionary
- matches sound sequences to objects or actions
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What is syntax?
- grammar
- contains the rules by which words are sequenced in a language to form meaningful phrases and sentences
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What percentage of the Deaf children born in the US have both parents with normal hearing and auditory-oral communication?
- 90%
- this is why the default intervention should be restoration of hearing and reliance on auditory-oral communication rather than a reliance on maunal communication
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What grade level does the average graduate of high school from a state school for the Deaf have an equivalent of?
- 8th grade education
- average reading level is at the 4th grade level
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What may communication between sender and receiver make use of?
the auditory-oral means or exclusively visual stimuli
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What has ASL been demonstrated to be?
a rich language capable of supporting the highest levels of abstract mind-to-mind communication
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What must happen for ASL communication to take place?
the sender and receiver must both be fluent in the language
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By what age should a child have produced "first word"?
1 year
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What typical speech and language development milestone should a child have reached by the age of 2 years?
40 word expressive vocabulary, 50 word receptive vocabulary, and 2 word phrases
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What typical speech and language development milestones should a child have reached by the age of 4 years?
expressive vocabulary of 200 words, receptive vocabulary of 400 words, uses grammatically correct sentences, 95% of speech is adult-like and understood by others
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What is an amplitude spectrum?
a plot of amplitude as a function of frequency
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What does a speech spectrogram look at?
amplitude variations in the time and frequency domains simultaneously
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What does a waveform look at?
amplitude variations over time
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What can the amplitude of a sound wave be expressed as?
- peak amplitude
- peak-to-peak amplitude
- root-mean-square (RMS) amplitude
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What formula is used to calculate frequency given the period?
- f = 1/T
- period and frequency have a reciprocal relationship
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What is the frequency if the period is .05?
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How often do periodic sounds occur?
regularly every T seconds
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How often do aperiodic sounds occur?
not every T seconds (they are irregular)
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What are acoustic signals that are aperiodic?
- noise and white noise
- some speech sounds in english are aperiodic noises (air forced through the vocal cords)
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What is propagation?
any of the ways waves travel through a medium
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What is rarefaction?
air molecules are moved farther apart by the travelling sound wave; reduction of a medium's density; opposite of compression
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What is compression (condensation)?
air molecules are packed more closely together by the travelling sound wave; increasing of the medium's density; opposite of rarefaction
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What is elasticity?
the property of air molecules that opposes the displacement of the air molecules; think of the spring in the mass-spring system
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What is the fundamental?
the harmonic component of a complex sound wave that has the lowest frequency and commonly the greatest amplitude
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What is the fundamental frequency?
the component of a complex sound wave with the lowest frequency
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What does the fundamental frequency of a speech sound correlate with?
the pitch of the speaker's voice
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What are harmonics?
integer multiples of the fundamental frequency
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If the fundamental frequency is 200 Hz and the second harmonic is 400 Hz what is the third harmonic?
600 Hz
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If the fourth harmonic is 800 Hz, what is the fundamental frequency?
800/4 = 200 Hz
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What is an octave?
- a doubling of frequency
- in audiology thresholds are usually obtained at the octaves 250 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 4000 Hz, and 8000 Hz
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How do wavelength and frequency affect each other?
- shorter wavelength = higher frequency
- longer wavelength = lower frequency
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What is the difference between a system with higher mass and lower mass?
- higher mass = lower frequency
- lower mass = higher frequency
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What does the frequency of a sine wave equal?
- the number of vibrations completed in 1 second
- measured in Hz
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What is phase?
the starting position of the pendulum or mass; or the phase relationship between two pendulums or masses
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What is period?
the time it takes to complete one cycle of vibration (T); the time it takes the pendulum to move from one point and return to the same point
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What are the two requirements for a sound wave?
a source of vibration and a medium
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What is the sound level of normal conversational speech?
60 dB SPL
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What is intensity?
loudness, amplitude
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What is intensity measured in?
dB
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What is frequency measured in?
Hz (1 cycle per second or cps = 1 Hz)
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What can all vibration including sinusoidal vibration be described in terms of?
frequency, phase, and amplitude
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What is the unit of sound pressure?
the pascal (Pa)
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What does doubling the distance from the sound source result in?
- halving the sound pressure (which results in 1/4 the acoustic intensity since I is directly proportional to p squared)
- this results in reducing the sound reaching the receiver by about 6 dB SPL (-6 dB)
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What is impedance?
the net opposition to vibration resulting from the mass, elasticity, and resistance of the system
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What is admittance?
the reciprocal of impedance and indicates how easily energy is "admitted" through a system rather than "impeded" by it
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Admittance and impedance are alternative, but equivalent ways of describing...?
the flow of energy through a system
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If the fundamental frequency is 500 Hz, what is the 4th harmonic?
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If the 6th harmonic is 1200 Hz, what is the fundamental frequency?
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Which frequency is an octave above 4000 Hz?
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If the period is .01 seconds, what is the frequency of that vibration?
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