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· Convention of state delegates at Annapolis, Maryland, that issued a call in September 1786 for a convention to meet at Philadelphia to consider fundamental changes
· Happened after the 1785 meeting at George Washington’s home in Mount Vernon that was attended by representatives of states
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· First Secretary of Treasury after being appointed by George Washington
- · Proposed the federal assumption of state debts, the establishment of a national bank, and the federal stimulation of industry through excise tax and tarrifs
- · Opponents, including Jefferson, saw his programs as aiding a small, elite group at the expense of the average citizen
- · Hamilton died from wounds sustained in a pistol duel with Aaron Burr, Jefferson’s vice president
- · Federalist
- · He, John Jay, and James Madison wrote The Federalist Papers in a New York newspaper which presentment cogent reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the Constitution
- · His plan wanted to put the U.S. finances on a firm and stable foundation
- · Proposed the following remedies for the government’s financial plight
- o Pay off the national debt at face value and have the federal government assume the war debts of the states
- o Protect the young nation’s “infant” industries and collect adequate revenues at the same time by imposing high tariffs on imported goods
- o Create a national bank for depositing government funds and for printing banknotes that would provide the basis for a stable U.S. currency
- o Supported mainly from northern merchants who would gain directly from high tariffs and a stabilized currency
- o Ideas that were used by Congress from his rememdies included the debt, tariffs and excise taxes and the national bank
- · Persuaded Congress to pass excise taxes, especially on whiskey
- · Was in command of 15,000 state militia-men after Washington placed them there
- · Assisted George Washington in writing his farewell address for publication in newspapers
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· Called for a bicameral legistlative system in which the House of Representatives would be based on population and the Senate would have equal representation in Congress
- · Combined pieces of the New Jersey Plan, the Virginia Plan, and other proposals
- · Included the Three-Fifths Compromise, which counted slaves as three-fifths of a person for purposes of apportioning representation and called for direct taxation on the states
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· First President of the United States of America
- · Was unanimously elected
- · Served two terms from 1789-1797
- · His leadership led to a standard of a strong presidency with control of foreign policy and the power to veto Congress’s legislation
- · Declared the Proclamation of Neutrality in April 1793, keeping the United States neutral in the European wars
- · His Farewell Address in 1796 warned against entangling alliances, recommended isolationism, and warned of political party factions
- · Supported mostly the Federalists
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· Provided for a Supreme Court with a Chief Justice and five associates
- · Established the office of the Attorney General
- · Created federal district courts and circuit courts
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· Allowed Congress to regulate interstate and foreign commerce, include placing tarrifs (taxes) on foreign imports, but it prohibited placing taxes on any exports
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Judicial Review (Marbury v Madison) 1803
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· William Marbury had been commissioned justice of the peace in D.C. by President John Adams
- · His commission was part of Adams’ “midnight appointments” during his last days in office
- · Marbury’s commission was not delivered so he sued President Jefferson’s Secretary of State, James Madison
- · Chief Justice John Marshall held that while Marbury was entitled to the commission, the statute that allowed Marbury’s remedy was unconstitutional, as it granted the Supreme Court powers beyond what the Constitution permitted
- · This decision paved the way for judicial review, which gave courts the power to declare statutes unconstitutional
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· Fourth President of the United States of America
- · His work before becoming president led him to be considered the “Father of the Constitution”
- · Participated in the writing of The Federalist Papers
- · In Congress, he wrote the Virginia Plan
- · Was a Republican president in a Federalist-controlled Congress
- · Faced pressure from “War Hawks” like Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun to get involved in the Napoleonic Wars and end the damaging embargo
- · Led the United States into the War of 1812 and concluded the war in 1814
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· One branch of government having sufficient power to check the others
· Formed by James Madison and other convention delegates
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· Was passed by Congress in 1789
- · Apart from a few selected industries, this first tariff passed by Congress was intended to raise revenue and not protect American manufacturers from foreign competition
- · Was a compromise between advocates of protective tariffs
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· Anti-Federalists were very persistent in having a Bill of Rights listed in the Constitution and this was the only way to convince Anti-Federalists to ratify the Constitution
- · Federalists argued that since members of Congress would be elected by the people, they did not need to be protected against themselves and all rights were protected
- · Federalists finally promised to add a bill of rights to the Constitution as the first order of business of a newly elected Congress
- o 1st-Separation of church and state
- o 2nd-People have the right to keep and bear arms in a state militia
- o 3rd-People can’t be required to quarter soldiers
- o 4th-Government can’t unreasonably search or seize people’s property
- o 5th-No individual can be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. No defendant may be forced to give evidence
- o 6th-Everyone gets public trial and call and question witnesses
- o 7th-Citizens have the right to trial by jury
- o 8th-No excessive bail and fines or cruel or unusual punishment to accused or acquitted
- o 9th-Any rights that are not specifically mention in the Constitution are also guaranteed
- o 10th-All powers not delegated to the federal government belong to the states or to the people
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o 1798
- o The U.S. wanted an end to French harassment of American shipping
- o To settle the issue, French representatives demanded a bribe from the U.S. just to open negotiations with French Minister Talleyrand
- o The U.S. refused the bribe and suspended trade with the French
- o Led to the creation of the American Navy
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The Federalist Papers
- o 85 highly persuasive essays written for a New York newspaper
- o Written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison
o Presented cogent reasons for believing in the practicality of each major provision of the Constitution
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o A bill passed by the federal government in 1789 to assume the debt of each state.
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o Western whiskey farmers refused to pay taxes on which Hamilton’s revenue program was based
- o A group of farmers who terrorized the tax collectors, and Washington responded with a federalized militia
- o George Washington and Alexander Hamilton rode out to Pennsylvania themselves to emphasize their commitment
- o First test of federal authority
- o Established federal government’s rights to enforce laws
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o Alleghenies surrendered claims to the Ohio Territory
- o Promised to open it up to settlement
- o Took place after the Battle of Fallen Timbers
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o A period of radical social and political upheaval in France and Europe
- o Absolute monarchy collapsed
- o Napoleon started to come to power during this time
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o Basic law passed by Congress in 1790 which stated that the United States would regulate trade an interaction with Indian tribes
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o 1794
- o An attempt to settle the conflict between the U.S. and England over commerce, navigation , and violations of the Treaty of Paris of 1783
- o Provided for eventual evacuation by the British of their posts in the Northwest, but it allowed them to continue their fur trade
- o Allowed for the establishment of commissions to settle United States-Canadian border disputes and United States-Britain losses during the Revolutionary War
- o The generous terms to Britain upset Americans because these were promises that had been made and not fulfilled in the Treaty of Paris of 1783
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o 1795
- o Signed by the U.S. and Spain
- o Free navigation of the Mississippi River was given to the United States
- o United States gained areas north of Florida that had been in dispute
- o Gave western farmers the “right of deposit” in New Orleans, enabling them to use the port for their goods and making it easier for them to get their goods to the east
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o Signed Declaration of Independence, Constitution, Treaty of Alliance with France, and Treaty of Paris
- o Served as a delegate to the Philadelphia Convention in 1787
- o Held an honorary position and seldom engaged in debate
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Proclamation of Neutrality 1793
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o Formal announcement issued by U.S. President George Washington
- o April 33,1793
- o Declaring the U.S. neutral in the conflict between France and Great Britain
- o Threatened legal proceedings against any American providing assistance to any country at war
- o Led to the Neutrality Act of 1794
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o 1798-1799
- o Legislation enacted by the Federalists to reduce foreign influences and increase their power
- o New hurdles to citizenship were established
- o Broadened power to quiet print media critics
- o The legislation was used to silence Jeffersonian Republican critics of the Federalists and was indicative of the poisoned relations between the two groups
- o These acts tested the strength of the First Amendment and limited the freedom of the press
- o The Federalists gained a reputation of being a less democratic group, quickening their demise as a political organization
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o Article V Convention
- o 2/3rd of each house of congress
- o Came together to propose amendments to the U.S. Constitution
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o Undeclared naval war of 1797 to 1800 between the United States and France
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o Second President of the United States of America
- o First Vice President under President George Washington
- o Served from 1797-1800
- o Diplomat and signer of the Declaration of Independence
- o Led the country through the XYZ affair, the Alien and Sedition Acts, and the Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
- o Kept the nation from war during his tenure as president
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o Third President of the United States of America
- o Served from 1801-1809
- o Author of the Declaration of Independence
- o Before becoming president, served as the first Secretary of State under George Washington
- o First president to reside in Washington D.C.
- o Jefferson’s taking of office was called the “Revolution of 1800” as it was the first time America had changed presidential political leadership (Federalist to Jeffersonian Republican”
- o His embodiment of the Jeffersonian Republican Party helped increase its strength while weak leadership in the Federalist Party was a reason for its demise
- o His administration was responsible for the Embargo of 1807
- o He presided over the Louisiana Purchase
- o His politics were characterized by support of states’ rights
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o Increased from five to 14, the number of years for immigrants to qualify for U.S. citizenship because most immigrant voted Democratic-Republicans
o One of the laws that the Federalist adopted from the Alien and Sedition Acts
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First National bank
- o Was established after George Washington used what Alexander Hamilton said
- o Could print paper currency
- o Use federal deposits to stimulate business
- o Privately owned
- o Chartered by the federal government
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o 1794
- o U.S. Army led by General Anthony Wayne defeated the Shawnee,, Wyandot, and other Native American peoples
- o In northwestern Ohio
- o Helped let the federal government gain control vast tracts of land in the west
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o Born into an elite merchant family in Gloucester, MA
- o Became a wife, mother, poet, essayist, playwright, novelist, and historian
- o Published an essay in 1779 on the equality of the sexes that distinguished her as the first avowed feminist in American history
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o 1796
- o Congress recommended that land be marked in areas shaped like squares
- o Tried to make land measuring more precise
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o Member of First and Second Continental Congress
- o Negotiated Treaty of Paris and Jay’s Treaty
- o First Chief Justice of Supreme Court
- o Wrote portions of The Federalist Papers
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o Americans who advocated centralized power and constitutional ratification
- o Used The Federalist Papers to demonstrate how the Constitution was designed to prevent the abuse of power
- o Supporters of Federalist platforms, included Alexander Hamilton, James Madison, John Jay and northeastern business groups
- o Federalists believed that the government was given all powers that were not expressly denied to it by the Constitution (they had a “loose interpretation of the Constitution)
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o A collection of 85 articles, written in opposition of the ratification of the Constitution
- o Mostly written under pen names
- o Authors include Cato (George Clinton), Brutus (Robert Yates) , Centinel (Samuel Bryan and the Federal Farmer (M.Smith/Richard Henry Lee/Mercy Otis Warren)
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o Foreign policy issues were central
- o Strict construction of the Constituion
- o Promoted States’ Rights
- o Opposed Federalist policies like high tariffs, a navy, military spending, a national debt, and a national bank
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Power was given to three separate branches in state government
- o Executive Branch
- o Legislative Branch
- o Judicial Branch
- o Safeguard against tyranny
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o The sharing of powers between the national government and the states
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Causes of the War of 1812
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o British impressments of American sailors
- o The U.S. suspected the British of encouraging Native American rebellion
- o “War Hawk” Congressional leaders, such as Henry Clay and John Calhoun, pressed for intervention
- o American frontiersmen wanted more free land, as the West was held by Native Americans and the British
- o War Hawks also wanted to annex Canada and Florida
- o Despite the Embargo Act and Non-Intercourse Act, hostilities could not be cooled
- o Eventually, the U.S. sided with France against Britain
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o Early victories at sea by the U.S. before it was overpowered by the British
- o The U.S.’s Admiral Perry took Lake Erie with the navy
- o Opened the way for William Henry Harrison to invade Canada and defeat the British and Native American forces
- o Andrew Jackson led the American charge through the Southwest
- o The Battle of New Orleans was a decisive conflict in which Andrew Jackson defeated the British; the battle was fought after the signing of the Treaty of Ghent
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o Increased American nationalism
- o Created high foreign demand for cotton, grain, and tobacco
- o The country turned from its agrarian origins toward industrialization
- o Led to a depression in 1819 due to influx of British goods; and the Bank of the United States responded by tightening credit to slow inflation
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o American lawyer and politician from Philadelphia, PA and Wilmington, Delaware
- o A militia officer during the American Revolution
- o A Continental Congressman from Pennsylvania and Delaware
- o A delegate to the U.S. Constitution Convention of 1787
- o President of Delaware and President of Pennsylvania
- o “Penman of the Revolution” for his Letters for a Farmer in Pennsylvania
- o Jefferson said he was…”among the first of the advocates for the rights of his country when assailed by Great Britain whose name will be there in history as one of the great worthies of the revolution.”
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o Act passed by Congress in 1807 prohibiting American ships from leaving for any foreign port
- o Designed by Jefferson and Madison to protect American interest and avoid war
- o Helped cause the War of 1812 between the U.S. and Britain
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o Conservative
o Helped produce a document that reflected Whig principles while still appealing to the people in New York during the constitutional convention of 1777
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o Washington appointed him the Secretary of War
- o Oversaw the military during the Northwest Indian War
- o Formally responsible for the nation’s relationships with the Indian population in the territories it claimed
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House of Representatives and Senate
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o Legislative Branch
- o Bicameral Legislature
- o Powers and composition of the House of Reps. are established in Article 1 of the Constitution
- o Pass federal legislation that affects the entire country
- o House of Reps-Population (max 437)
- o Senate-2 per state
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o Hamilton’s proposal that state government would pay war debt and nation government would pay national debt
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o Seventh Governor of Virginia
- o First United States Attorney General in 1789 under George Washington
- o Succeeded Jefferson as Secretary of State in 1793 under George Washington
- o One of the eleven delegates to represent Virginia at the Continental Congress
- o Introduced the Virginia Plan as a new national government
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o Consists of the electors appointed by each state who formally elect the President and the Vice President
- o Article 2, Section 1, Clause 2 of the Constitution specifies how many electors each state should have and how they should be decided
- o U.S. territories are not represented
- o An example of an indirect election
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Pan Indian Military Resistance
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o Formed because the Natives were extremely angry about the Treaty of Greenville
- o Unified the tribes throughout the West to take a stand and resist to give anything up for the white invaders
- o Tired of being taken advantage of
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o Was a Native American leader of the Shawnee and a large tribal confederacy
- o Opposed the United States during Tecumseh’s War and the War of 1812
- o Icon and heroic figure in American Indian and Canadian history
- o Allied with the British and helped capture Fort Detroit
- o Killed in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813
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Revolution/Election of 1800
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o Vice President Jefferson defeated President John Adams
- o Bitter rematch of the 1796 election between the pro-French and the pro-decentralized Republicans against pro-British and pro-centralization Federalists
- o Federalists were disorganized
- o Republicans were organized
- o House of Reps elected Jefferson
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