Biology

energy, information, cells, replication (reprodction), product of evolution

• Theory is an explanation for a very general
• class of phenomena or observations
• Pattern: something that occurs in the natural world
• Process: responsible for creating the pattern

• 1) All things are made up of cells (pattern)
• 2) Cells come from preexisting cells (process)

Species change over time and are related by common ancestry

• -fossil records
• -extinction
• -transitional features (fins to limbs)
• -vestigial traits

• -similar species found in same geographical region
• -homology: genetic, developmental and structural
• -contemporary populations undergo speciation (one species splitting into two or more descendent species)

characteristics are modified from generation to generation; species that lvied int he past are ancestors of the species today

a group of individuals of same species living in the same area at the same time.

• 1) individuals must vary in characteristics that are inheritable
• 2) certain versions of these traits must help individuals survive or reproduce better

evolution occurs when heritable variation leads to differntail success in reproduction.

• 1) Artifical selection: humans select desirable traits within a population
• 2) natural selection: beneficial to the current environment are "selected" within a population

all species com efrom preexisting species and are species trace back to a single common ancestor

Woese studied subunit of rRNA. Sequence changed during evolution and are similar in closely related species.

eukarya, bacteria and archaea

Phylogeny relates the genealogical relationships among all organisms. Branches on the phylogeny are called phylum

Naming of species proposed by Linnaeus by genus and species

State hypothesis and list predictions. Design an observational or experimental study. A well designed experiment has a control group, controlled experimental conditions, and replication

Aristotle: Great Chain of being. Lamarck held that organisms move up escalator. Individuals change in response to their environment and then pass on those changes to their offspring.

• 1) Individuals vary in their traits.
• 2) traits are heritable
• 3) more offspring are produced than can survive in each generation; of these, some will survive long enough to reproduce and some will produce more offsprings than other
• 4) individuals with certain heritable traits are more likely to survive and reproduce; natural selection occurs when individuals with certain traits produce more offspring than do individuals without those traits

Can't be found anywhere else.

• 1) Evolution can occur quickly enough to be observed
• 2) Evolution can occur at very small scales (.5 mm difference in beaks could det. survival and death)

• Fitness: ability of an individual to produce offspring.
• Adaption: increase in fitness of an individual in a particular environment.

many genes each one exerting a small effect that influence a trait.

single allele affects multiple traits (pleiotropy)

• -counteracting selection (fitness trade off)
• -history (every trait evolved from preexisting trait)