Chapter 5

Chemicals->Cells->Tissues->Organs->Body Systems->Organism

is the fundamental unit of life.

• epithelial (covering)
• connective (supporting and protecting)
• muscular (contracting)
• nervous (conducting impulses)

refers to the constant internal environment that is naturally maintained by the body.

Makes movement possible

Provides protection, form, and shape for the body; stores minerals and forms some blood cells

Delivers oxygen, nutrients, and vital substances throughout the body; transports cellular waste products to the lungs and kidneys for excretion

Helps maintain the internal fluid environment; produces some types of blood cells; regulated immunity

Brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide and some water waste

Provides the body with water, nutrients, and minerals; removes solid wastes

Filters blood to remove wastes of cellular metabolism; maintains the electrolyte and fluid balance

Facilitates proreation (producing offspring)

Provides external covering for protection; regulates the body temperature and water content

Coordinates the reception of stimuli; transmits messages to stimulate movement

Secretes hormones and helps regulate body activities

Standing erect with the arms at the sides and the palms forward.

divides the body into front and back portions

divides the body into upper and lower portions; it may be drawn at any level

divides the body into right and left sides, and a midsagittal plane divides the body into two equal halves

nearer to or toward the front; ventral

nearer to or toward the back; dorsal; situated behind

belly side; same as anterior surface in humans

directed toward or situated on the back side; same as posterior surface in humans

middle or nearer the middle; the prefeix mid- also means middle

toward the side; denoting a position farther from the midline of the body or from a structure

uppermost or above

lowermost or below

nearer the origin or point of attachment

far or distant from the origin or point of attachment

toward the head

toward the tail or in an inferior direction in humans

lying facedown

lying on the back

the dorsal cavity, located near the posterior part of the body, and the ventral cavity, located near the anterior part.

is divided into the cranial and spinal cavities.

is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and the abdominopelvic cavity.

*Large organs contained in the ventral cavity are called viscera.

A membrane called the peritoneum lines the aabdominopelvic cavity and enfolds the internal organs.

A sticking together of two structures that are normally separated.

*Abdominal adhesions are usually caused by inflammation or trauma and are treated surgically if they cause intestinal obstruction or excessive discomfort.

• Head
• Neck
• Torso
• Extremeties

abdomen

extremities

eyelid

cyst, bladder, or sac

digit (toes, fingers, or both)

abdominal wall

umbilicus (navel)

nail

pelvis

peritoneum

body

chest (thorax)

is a surgical procedure that is performed to remove excess fluids from the abdominal cavity or to inject a therapeutic agent.

Abdnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity.

can result if infectious microorganisms gain access by way of surgical incisions or by the rupture or perforation of viscera or associated structures.

Surgical puncture of the chest wall for aspiration of fluids.

Incision of the abdominal wall.

examination of the interior of the abdomen by means of a laparoscope, an instrument that is inserted into the peritoneal cavity to inspect it.

refers to the head of the fetus and the maternal pelvis

concerning the umbilicus

an inflamed condition of the navel

rupture of the navel

umbilical hemorrhage

congenital herniation

*A hernia is protrusion of an organ through an abnormal opening in the wall of the cavity that surrounds it.

*Types of abdominal hernias include umbilical, femoral, incisional, and inguinal.

measurement of the dimensions of the head

pain in the head, or headache

pertaining to the eyelid

paralysis of one or both eyelids

twitching of the eyelid

surgical incision of the eyelid

plastic surgery of the eyelid

pertaining to the extremities of the body

dermatitis of the extremities

cyanosis of the extremities, the arms and legs appear bluish

abnormal coldness of the extremities

a disorder in which there is abnormal enlargement of the body extremities, including the nose, jaws, fingers, and toes, caused by hypersecretion of growth hormone after maturity

the study of fingerprints

cramping of a finger or toe

inflammation of the bones of the fingers and toes

pertainig to the hands and feet

*Also the art or profession of a chiropodist, a specialist who treats corns, bunions, and other afflictions of the hands and feet.

cramping of the hand, such as writer's cramp

plastic surgery of the hand

one who habitually bites the nails

any disease of the nails

*Onychomycosis means a disease of the nails caused by a fungus.

surgical removal of the nail, also declawing of an animal

Fluids constitute more than 60% of an adult's weight under normal conditions. Fluid balance is maintained through intake and output of water.

Body fluids are found either within the cells (intracellular) or outside the cells (extracellular).

fills the spaces between most of the cells of the body.

Accumulation of fluid in the interstitial coomparment results in a condition called edema.

secrete

tear, tearing, crying

condition of the blood

blood

sweat or perspiration

water

lymph

mucus

production

substance that causes production

pus

saliva

urine

coagulation

cell

red

blood

white

clot (thrombus)

cell

generally, "increased" or "abnormal" when describing cellular components

deficiency

production

red blood cell (RBC)

white blood cell (WBC)

platelet (blood platelet)