______ isomers are a result of the rotation around single bonds between two atoms
conformational isomers
Which form of DES is more active- trans DES or cis DES?
trans
______ are mirror images and a plane of symmetry may exist.
enantiomers
Which enantiomer is primarily used in nature to synthesize proteins (D or L)?
L
T/F: enantiomers have all the same physical properties except for the direction each rotates plane polarized light
true
_________ occur when 2 or more optically active centers are present in a molecule (2 chiral centers)
diastereomers
Ephedrine and Psuedoephedrine are diastereomers. Do they have different melting points and solubilities in water?
yes!
T/F: most drugs available are diastereomers.
true
What are all the reasons why stereoisomers display different biological responses?
receptors
active transport carrier systems
different lipid and water solubilities
metabolic enzymes are asymmetric
excretion of the drug
What are some examples of drugs that have been heavily modeled using 3D structures?
HIV drugs (Invarase, Crixivan, Norvir)
ACE inhibitors
MOAIs
What technique is explaining why side effects occur, variability in efficacy, and most importantly possible new indications for drugs?
computer molecular modeling
What is a strucural component or functional group of a molecule whose steric, electronic, and solubility characteristics are interchangeable?
isostere
What are some examples of acyclic steric isosteres?
univalent atoms and groups (-methyl, -hydroxyl, -fluoride, -chloride, -bromide, etc)
bivalent atoms and groups (-oxygen-, -sulfur-, -NH-, -CH2-)
trivalent (-CH=, -N=)
What are some examples of cyclic steric isosteres?
benzene
pyridine
thiophene
furan
pyrrole
cyclopentane
pyrrolidine
tetrahydrofuran
tetrahyhydrothiophene
What is an example of an antibiotic that is a cyclic steric isostere?
Cefaclor (Ceclor) is a semi-synthetic molecule
Loracarbef (Lorabid) is totally synthetic and that changes the microbial spectrum it can reach, but it is very expensive
What are the 2 properties of an agonist/stimulant?
relative potency
relative efficacy
What kind of drugs are being pushed to be developed because they promise precise control over diseases mediated by G-protein coupled receptors? (type of binding)
allosteric drugs
The receptor occupancy theory states that the response observed is a function of what?
the # of receptors occupied
A drug + a receptor bind and form a complex that leads to the production of.....?
agonist effects
antagonist effects
conformational changes in the protein or macromolecule
_____ ______ _______ reveal the affinity and effective concentration of a series of drug analogs?
dose response curves
What theory states that the agonist/stimulant activity is proportional to the rate of drug-receptor combo rather than the # of occupied receptors?
The Rate Theory
_____ have a high association rate but a low rate of dissociation?
antagonists (in the rate theory)
Which theory best explains partial agonist or antagonist properties and that small molecule binding produces specific or non-specific conformational perturbations in a macromolecule?
Macromolecular Perturbation theory
Which theory states that a substrate or drug binding to the receptor induces 3D conformational changes in the macromolecule positioning catalytic groups in the correct position to conduct productive chemistry or altering membrane behavior? (ex opens channels for calcium)
Induced-fit theory of enzyme-substrate interaction
___ needs bioactivation to remove the negative modifier?
prodrug
_______, the active drug, needs metabolic inactivation by removing the positive modifier to eliminate or minimize unwanted systemic effects?
antedrug
______ contains both negative and positive modifiers where the negative modifier is removed first at the site of action (as in prodrug) and the positive modifier is removed later when reach systemic circulation after its activity (as in antedrug)?
Pro-antedrug
What is drug latentiation?
the process of purposely designing and synthesizing a molecule that specifically requires "bioactivation" to a pharmacologically active substance
-an addition to the prodrug definition
Approximately how many marketed prodrugs are activated by hydrolysis?
49%
a compound that contains a structural characteristic required for pcol activity but is NOT susceptible to metabolism?
hard drug
these compounds are designed and synthesized as active compounds that readily undergo metabolic inactivation to nontoxic products?
soft drugs
Waht are the 5 objectives for improving bioavailability using a prodrug?