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Pathology
Science deals with changes in body's structure and function
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Study of changes in structure of body that are readily seen with unaided eye as result of disease
Gross Pathology
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Surgical Pathology
Study of tissue specimens excised surgically in major/minor operations; classifies diseases of organs and areas of body
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Clinical Pathology
Study of disease by means of body secretions, excretions and other body fluids performed in lab in diagnosis of disease
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Study of changes in body functions due to disease
Physiological Pathology
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Medico-legal pathology also known as
Forensic Pathology
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Medico-legal pathology
Study of injury or disease as relates to law; violent and unnatural death and scientific and criminal investigation
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Deals with study of widespread processes of disease such as inflammation without reference to particular organs
General Pathology
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Special Pathology
Deals with specific features of disease in relation to particular organs or organ systems
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Autopsy (necropsy)
Post mortem examination of organs and tissues of body to determine cause of death or pathological condition
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Why autopsies important
- Medicine may more closely approach exact science
- Corrections of diagnosis be proved/disproved
- Assist in medico-legal cases
- Amplify or reject clinical diagnosis
- Help physicians avoid repeating errors in diagnosis and therapy
- Aid in medical education
- Determine cause of death if unknown, unattended or of suspicious nature
- Give family peace with information
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Specific pathological structure or functional changes (or both) brought about by disease
Physiological Pathology or Clinical Pathology ??
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To recognize nature of a disease or term denoting the name of the disease or syndrome
Diagnosis
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Prognosis
Prediction; forcast of outcome of disease
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Subjective disturbances caused by disease that are felt or experienced by patient but not directly measurable
Symptoms; pain or nausea
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Signs
Objective disturbances produced by disease, observable; can be seen, detected, measured; soars, redness, inflammation
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Exacerbation
Increase in severity of disease
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Remission
Temporary cessation of manifestations of disease
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Presents itself after birth
Acquired disease
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Existing at time of birth or shortly thereafter
Congenital disease
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Recurrent
Reappearing symptoms, after period of remission
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Rapid onset - short duration
Acute
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Deficiency
Lack of some essential element necessary for health; enzyme, protein, vitamin, antibody
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When genetic characteristics are transmitted from partents to kids, these characteristics are said to be____
Hereditary
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Disease continuously present in community
Endemic
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Epidemic
Higher than normal numbers
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Pandemic
Epidemic at worldwide porportions
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Disease that occurs occasionally in random or isolated manner
Sporadic
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Qualities that might transmit a disease, you are said to be____
Infected
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Hypersensitivity to substance that does not normally cause a reaction
Allergies
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Term associated with fever
Febrile disease
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Occupational disease
Abnormally higher rate of occurrence in members of certain workforce
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Difference between functional and organic disease
- Functional - no apparent organic cause (psychosomatic)
- Organic - change in anatomy, organic cause (microorganism, injury)
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Harboring of animal parasites, especially those you can see such as ticks and mosquitoes
Infestation
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Communicable disease
May be transmitted directly or indirectly from one person to another; due to infectious agent or toxic products produced by it
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Slow onset - long duration
Chronic
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Syndrom
Set of signs and symptoms associated with particular disease (Down's Syndrome
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When symptoms of disease are decreased
Remission
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Unfavorable condition arising during course of disease
Complication
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Condition is iatrogenic
Results from activity of physicians; adverse result of treatment by physician or surgeon
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Nosocomial
Infections acquired in hospital
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Rapid and severe onset - usually fatal
Acute disease
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Manner in which disease develops
Pathogenesis
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Number of cases of disease present in specified population at given time
Prevalence
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Mortality rate
Number of deaths in given time or place in proportion to deaths population
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Morbidity rate
Relative incidence of disease in population or number of cases in given time at given population
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Cause of a disease
Etiology
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Predisposing conditions to development of disease
Age, race, nutrition, sex, occupation, environment, emotional status, economic status, genetics
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Excitatory (immediate) causes of disease
Trauma, physical agents, chemical agents, infectious agents, deficiency of essential substances, allergens, heredity
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Degeneration
Deterioration or impairment of organ or part in structure of cell and substance of which they are a part
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Process of seepage or diffusion into tissues of substances that are not normally present
Infiltration
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Three types of cellular infiltration
Pigmentation, Calcification, Gout
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Pigmentation
Degeneration in which affected cells develop an abnormal color
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Difference between endogenous and exogenous pigmentation
- Endogenous - from INSIDE cell
- Expgenous - from OUTSIDE cell
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Pathological death of tissue still part of living organism
Necrosis
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Ischemic necrosis - putrefaction =
Dry Gangrene
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3 types of Gangrene
- Moist - wet, veins obstructed (cannot drain)
- Gas - infected by gas bacillus
- Dry - (ischemic necrosis) tissues dry and drop off, arteries obstructed
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Clacification
Deposition of calcium salts in tissues
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Atrophy
Wasting, decrease in size of organ or tissue
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Hypertrophy
Enlargement of organ or part due to increase in size of cells composing it
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Conditions may be physiological, pathological or compensatory
Hypertrophy
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Replacement of damaged cells with identical cells
Regeneration
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Defect or deformity
Malformation or Anomaly
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Malformations
Spina bifida, Hypoplasia, Aplasia
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Spina bifida
Any structural or functional disorder present at birth, may be genetically determined or result of environmental factors during gestation period
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Underdevelopment of tissue organ or body part
Hypoplasia
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Aplasia
Failure in development of tissue or organ
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Polydactylism
Having one or more extra fingers or toes
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Congenital absence of one or more limbs
Amelia
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Cleft palate
Congenitally malformed palate with fissure along midline
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Nevus in which superficial blood vessels are enlarged
Vascular nevus
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Tissue reaction or injury marked by localized heat, redness, swelling, pain and altered funtion
Inflammation
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Four characteristics above + altered function known as _____ of inflammation
Cardinal (Classical) Signs
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Main causes of inflammation
- Microbial infections
- Physical agents
- Chemicals
- Necrotic tissue
- Immunologic reactions
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Disease wherein body's own immune system is pathogenic mechanism
Autoimmune
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Abscess
Localized accumulation of pus in any part of body that is surrounded by swelling
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Known as open sore or lesion of skin and mucous membrane accompanied by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue
Ulcer
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Vesicle
Small blister-like elevation of skin containing serous fluid
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Carbuncle
Abscess spreading subcutaneousley with multiple surface openings
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Furuncle
Abscess or pyogenic infection of sweat gland or hair follicle
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Small elevation of skin containing pus
Pustule or Pimple
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Exudate
Inflammatory extra vascular fluid that has high protein concentration, much cellular debris, and specific gravity above 1.020
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Purulent or Suppurative
Containing or a formation of pus
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Hemorrhagic
Loosing blood in mass amounts
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Repair
Physical or mechanical restoration of damaged or diseased tissue by growth of healthy, new cells; not necessarily same type
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Regeneration
Replacement of cells that are irreversibly injured and undergo necrosis by cells of similar type and function
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Termination of inflammatory response and affected part returns to normal
Recuperation
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