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What are characteristics of benign tumors?
Well differentiated, slow growing, rare systemic effects
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What grade is given to poorly differentiated cells?
Grade IV tumor
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How do you describe acute myeloid leukemia (AML)?
Over production of myeloid cell, abrupt onset, rapid progression
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What is nondisjunction?
During meiosis, 2 chromosomes from 2 parent go to 2 daughter cell and none to the other
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What are the manifestations of Down syndrome?
Low set ears, epicanthal fold and mental retardation
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How do you describe acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)?
Over production of lymphoblasts, abrupt onset, and most common leukemia in children
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What are warning signs of cancer for a child?
Recurrent fevers not cause by infection, bruising, paleness, & unexplained weight loss
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List 3 ways benign tumors may be life threatening.
Obstructing blood flow, compressing outflow of secretions, or compressing normal tissues
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Name two benign tumors.
Adenoma. and osteoma
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What would be a stage of cancer tumor for a client who has a tumor with lymph node enlargement and metastasis?
The tumor is staged as: T4, N3, M1
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How do you describe chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)?
Malignant granulocytes that carry the Philadelphia chromosome
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What is Klinefelter syndrome?
Male appearance, sterile due to no sperm production, with genotype XXY
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What is Cri du Chat syndrome?
Cry like a cat, microencephly with mental reatardation due to structural genetic abnormality
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How do you describe chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)?
Failure of B cells to mature to plasma cells, with enlarged lymph nodes found by accident
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What are contributing factors to cachexia?
Anorexia, altered taste, abdominal fullness, psychological factors, and treatment effects
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What are 3 characteristics of malignant cells?
Proliferate despite lack of growth-initiating signals,escape signals for apoptosis, and areundifferentiated
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What are proto-oncogenes?
Genes that code to promote growth
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What are effects on blood cells from bone marrow malignant cells, poor nutrition, side effect of chemotherapy?
Leukopenia, anemia, & thrombocytopenia
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What are clinical manifestations of hematologic malignancies
Anemia, bleeding, bruising & frequent infections
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What is the principle on which Mendelian genetics is based?
Single genes are transmitted, thus there is a 50:50 chance of receiving parent’s alleles of a specific gene
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What is Duchene muscular dystrophy
x-linked disorder causing defective protein associated with muscle cell membrane
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What are characteristics of Hodgkin Disease?
Malignant disorder of lymph nodes with Reed Sternberg cell, spreads in a predictable manner
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What are paraneoplastic syndromes?
Excess hormone secretion of ACTH, ADH, or PTH associated with cancer
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What factor turns off tumor suppressor genes and changes proto-oncogenes to oncogenes?
Multiple mutagenic agents cause DNA damage
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What are tumor suppressor genes?
A mutated oncogene plus alleles of this gene from both parents must inactivated to allow cancer to occur
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What is a definition of leukemia?
Malignant disease of bone marrow stem cells with accumulation of immature blasts in the bone marrow
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What are characteristics of T-cell, T-cell or NK lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin Disease)?
Originates in any lymphoid cell, T or B or NK cells
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When is a fetus most susceptible to damage from a teratogen?
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When is a fetus most susceptible to damage from a teratogen?
At risk during the first 9 weeks of pregnancy
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