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What is blood composed off?
- Plasma
- Leukocytes
- Platelets
- Eyrthrocytes
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What represents percentage of RBC out of blood volume?
hematocrit
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What are some physical characteristics of blood?
- color (varying)
- pH (7.35-7.45)
- temp (38*C)
- volume (M: 5-6 L, F: 4-5 L)
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When does blood volume go up in women?
when they are pregnant
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What are three basic functions of blood?
To distribute, regulate, and protect
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What does blood distrubute?
- respiratory gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide)
- metabolic wastes away from cells
- hormones
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What does blood regulate?
- body temperature
- pH
- blood volume
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How does blood help protect the body?
- clotting
- immune components (WBC)
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What is blood's plasma mostly?
90% water
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How many solutes are in blood?
over 100
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What percentage of blood does plasma make up?
55%
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What protein make up 60% of plasma?
albumin
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What three proteins are in plasma?
Albumin, globulins, fibrinogen
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What does albumin contribute to?
osmotic pressure
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What regulates water and maintains blood pressure?
osmotic pressure
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Which protein in plasma makes antibodies?
globulins
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Which protein in plasma makes fibers for clotting?
fibrinogens
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What are some nitrogenous substances found in plasma?
lactic acid, urea, creatine
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What organic nutrients are found in plasma?
glucose, amino acids, carbohydrates
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What five chemicals are found in plasma?
- Na+ (sodium)
- K+ (Potassium)
- Ca2+ (calcium)
- Cl- (flouride)
- bicarbonate
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What does bicarbonate in plasma do?
acts as a buffer to maintain pH in blood
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What respiratory gases are found in plasma?
oxygen and carbon dioxide
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What percent of blood composition is RBC?
45%
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What blood cell has a biconcave disc shape?
RBC
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Why do RBCs have a biconcave disc shape?
high surface area carries more oxygen
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Which cell is bigger, RBC or WBC?
WBC
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Which blood cell has no nucelus?
RBC
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How long do RBCs live?
100-120 days
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What characteristic of RBCs allow them to travel?
flexibility
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What is RBCs main function?
transport respiratory gases
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What blood cell is filled with hemoglobin?
RBC
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What are the hemoglobin contents?
preotin bonded with oxygen and carbon dioxide
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How many hemoglobin are found in one RBC?
250
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How many oxygen moelcules can bond with one hemoglobin?
4
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What is made of four polypeptide chains bound to an atom of iron(Fe)?
Globin
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What is the formation of blood cells in the red bone marrow called?
Hematopoieses
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What bones does hematopoiesis take place in?
axial skeleton and girdles
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What bones does hematopoiesis take place in, in the epihphysis?
femur and humerus
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How long does hematopoiesis take?
15 days
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What is the name of the stem cells that forms all blood cells?
hemacytoblast
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What becomes of a hemocytoblast?
becomes a committed cell
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What is a hemocytoblast that becomes committed to being an erythrocyte called?
prorythroblast
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What happens in phase 1 of erythropoiesis?
ribosome synthesis
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What happens in phase 2 of erythropoiesis?
hemoglobin accumulation
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What happens in phase 3 of erythropoiesis?
ejection of nucleus and enters into the bloodstream to mature
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What hormone controls erythropoiesis?
erythropoietin
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What organ is erythropoietin released by?
kidneys
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What triggers the release of erythropoietin?
tissue's deman for oxygen
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What increases the RBC count in circulating blood?
erythropoietin
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What condition triggers EPO to be made?
hypoxia
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What nutrients does Erythropoiesis need?
- protein
- lipids
- iron
- B12
- folic acid
- carbohydrates
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Where is MOST iron stored in the bloodstream?
in hemoglobin
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What organs is iron stored in?
liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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What are some intracellular iron components?
ferritin and hemosiderin (protein-iron complexes)
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What is circulating iron?
transferrin
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What is the erythrocyte's life span?
100-120 days
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What do macrophages do?
engluf dying erythrocytes in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow
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What seperates the dead erythrocytes heme and globin?
macrophages
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What happens to globin when it is broken down by macrophages?
broken down into amino acids released into the blood stream
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What RBC disorder causes fatigue, paleness, chills, and shortness of breath?
anemia
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What disorder is caused by an insufficient number of erythrocytes, or decreased/abnormal hemoglobin?
anemia
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What is sickle cell anemia caused by?
defective gene
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Why would it be good to have one copy of the sickle cell gene?
advantage against malaria
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What RBC disorder can be treated by blood transfusion or other oxygen treatment?
sickle cell anemia
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What happens in polycythemia?
- increased blood
- excess RBCs
- increased viscosity
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What RBC disorder is caused by low oxygen environments, oxygen deprived tissue, or a possible tumor on the kidney?
polycythemia
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What RBC disorder shows high BP?
polycythemia
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What leaves capillaries of the bloodstream via diapedesis?
leukocytes
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What kind of spaces can leukocytes move through?
tissue space
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What WBC disorder is caused by infection, leukemia, or infectious mononucelosis?
leukocytosis
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What WBC disorder shows less than 5k/mm3 WBCs?
leukopenia
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What are two types of WBC?
granulocytes and agranulocytes
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What contain granules, have lobed nuclei, and are phacytic cells?
granulocytes
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What is the most numerous leukocyte?
neutrophils
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What do neutrophils do?
bacteria slayers
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What is polymorphonuclear?
neutrophils
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What leads the body's counter attack against parasitic worms?
eosonophils
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What releases histamine to produce inflammation?
basophils
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What chemical do basophils release to attract other WBC?
histamine
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What does it mean to say that histamine acts as a vasodialator?
swells area by signaling more WBCs to the area
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Which leukocyte is multi lobed?
neutrophil
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Which leukocyte has red granules and is bi lobed?
eosonophils
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Which leukocyte is granulated and bilobed but ithey are not obvious?
basophils
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What leukocyte makes up 25% of WBCs?
lymphocytes
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Where are lymphocytes most located?
in lymphoid tissue
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What are two types of lymphocytes?
- T(hymus) cells
- B(one) cells
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Which lymphocyte is used in immunity?
T cells
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Which lymphocyte gives rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies?
B cells
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What is the largest leukocyte?
Monocyte
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What leukocyte can morph into macrophages?
monocyte
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Which leukocytes is highly mobile and phagocytic?
monocyte
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What are platelets fragments of?
megakaryocytes
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What are some treatments for leukemia?
- irradiation
- bone marrow transplant
- antileukmic drugs
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What is a cancerous overproduction of WBCs that are disfunctional?
lukemia
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What happens in hemostasis to stop bleeding?
- vascular spasm - restrict amount of blood loss
- platelet plug formation
- coagulation
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What happens when platelets form a plug to stop a bleed?
platelets release chemicals to signal for more platel;ets to come to the site
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What type of feedback system is the platelet plug formation?
positive
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What happens during coagulation when the body stops a bleed?
- plateletes release chemicals
- Prothrombin and thrombin are activated
- Thrombin activates fibrinogen to fibrin
- fibrin makes a mesh to trap blood cells
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What is the difference between a thrombus and an embolus?
- thrombus - clot develops and persists in unbroken blood vessel
- embolus - a thrombus freely floating in blood stream
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What substances are used to prevent clotting?
aspirin, heparin, warfarin
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What is a common type of warfarin?
Coumadin
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How does aspiring "thin" your blood?
Aspirin inhibits platelets
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What promotes agglutination?
RBC antigens
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