-
How are the lungs used as a buffer in the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system?
Carbonic acid (H2CO3) is exhaled in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O).
-
What are causes of metabolic acidosis?
Tissue anoxia, starvation, aspirin overdose, or prolonged diarrhea.
-
What are causes of metabolic alkalosis?
Vomiting or gastric suction, hypokalemia, or excessive intake of antacids
-
What are clinical manifestations of metabolic alkalosis
Shallow respirations, weakness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, & atrial tachycardia
-
What are clinical manifestations of metabolic acidosis?
Lethargy; ↓ level of consciousness; deep, rapid respirations; &, dysrhythmias
-
How are the kidneys used as a buffer in the bicarbonate/carbonic acid system?
Kidneys compensate in alkalosis by excreting bicarbonate (HCO3) and in acidosis by retaining HCO3.
-
How are the kidneys used as a buffer in the renal buffering system?
Hydrogen ions (H+ ) are excreted in the form of NaH2PO4
-
What is an example of arterial blood gas that represents metabolic acidosis?
- pH 7.30
- PaCO2 38 mm Hg
- HCO3 18 mEq/L
-
What is an example of arterial blood gas that represents metabolic alkalosis?
- pH 7.25
- PaCO2 40 mm Hg
- HCO3 30 mEq/L
-
What are causes of respiratory alkalosis?
Hyperventilation such as in an anxiety attack
-
What are causes of respiratory acidosis?
Airway obstruction, impaired alveolar gas exchange such as pneumonia, or neuromuscular dysfunction affecting muscles of respiration
-
How is the protein buffer system used to compensate for acidosis?
Hydrogen ions(H+ ) form HHb and carbon dioxide forms HbCO2
-
How is the cellular ion exchange buffer system used to compensate for acidosis? OR How does acidosis contribute to hyperkalemia?
In acidosis, hydrogen ions (H+ )shift from the blood to the cell in exchange for potassium (K+)
-
What are clinical manifestations of respiratory acidosis?
Headache, restlessness, lethargy, coma, & muscle twitching leading to seizures
-
What are clinical manifestations of respiratory alkalosis?
Circumoral paresthesia lightheadedness, & seizures
-
What is an example of arterial blood gas that represents respiratory alkalosis?
- pH 7. 22
- PaCO2 30 mm Hg
- HCO3 22 mEq/L
-
What is an example of arterial blood gas that represents respiratory acidosis?
- pH 7. 18
- PaCO2 50 mm Hg
- HCO3 24 mEq/L
-
How and at what speed do lungs compensate in acid-base imbalances? OR What is a compensation for metabolic acidosis or alkalosis?
Act in minutes to exhale or retain carbon dioxide
-
How and at what speed do kidneys compensate in acid-base imbalances? OR What is a compensation for respiratory acidosis or alkalosis?
Act in hours to days to retain or excrete HCO3 or H+
-
How can you tell by the arterial blood gas when compensation has occurred?
The pH changes from abnormal to normal
-
Referring to (Shallow respirations, weakness, muscle cramps, hyperreflexia, & atrial tachycardia) what causes the muscle cramps and hyper-reflexia in alkalosis?
Indicates a calcium deficit because calcium becomes bound in alkalosis
|
|