Anatomy Chapter 3

1. Epithelial

2. Connective

3. Muscle

4. Neural

-Cellularity - cells are immediately adjacent from each other / Little or no little extra cellular fluid

-Avascular - no blood cells pass cell

• -Attachment - connected to underlying tissue / generally connected tissue
• *There is a connection point called the basement membrane *Theres the lamina lucida on the epithelial side
• * Theres the lamina densa is the deeper layer (Connected)
• *Together they are called the Basal Lamina

-Polarity - How the organelles are situated in the cytoplasm of the cell located toward the Basal Surface of the cell

• *The exposed surface is called the Apical Surface Epithelial = Coverings & Linings
• -Lumen is the lining inside a tube of a epithelial cell
• Regenerative Has a high Mitotic rate

*Protection

*Diffusion

*Absorption

*Just to be slippery

*The ability to secrete (Glands)

*Movement along the epithelial surface

1 layer of cells

2+ more of layers

*Squamous (Flattened)

*Cuboidal (Cube Shape)

*Columnar (like columns) Nucleus is much more basal (lower to the cell)

*Facilitate Absorption

*Simple Squamous - is found in the Alveoli of the lungs

*Capillary beds are only one blood cell thick, on the outside of the alveoli

*Serous Membrance - Find it covering organs. Lining of the Heart, lining of the blood vessels

Keratinized - Keratin Provides water proofing (SKIN) -

Non Keratinized - Protective but in Moist environments (Oral Cavity, Esophagus, rectum, Anus, Vagina) (Doesn't provided its own water proofing)

is found in places with a lot of secretion and absorption *

KIDNEY TUBULES *THYROID FOLLICLES

Transitional - you find this in the Urinary Bladder, Uterus, Uretha

*when the bladder is relaxed it is more cuboidal when full its more flattened

*They have microvilli - They can absorb more

*Like the Digestive Tractin the Stomach and Small/Large Intestine

-Goblet Cells -Specialized Glandual Cell - Release digestive enzyme cells in the digestive tract.

***Create Mucus

**It appears to be stratified but IT IS NOT

**Cilia they act more like fingers and push things along/Works with Goblet Cells

- Produces Secretions

**Exocrine - secrete products onto the surface

**Endocrine - produce products that go into the blood stream (Hormones)

*By the types of Secretions

• -Serous - Watery, Enzymes
• -Mucous - secreting a substance called mucin, Add water get Mucus!
• -Mixed =Serous and Mucous

-Method of Secretion

• -Merocrine - most Common released by exocytosis
• -Apocrine - part of cell lost of product
• -Holocrine - The whole cell is lost with release of products

1.Specific compliment of cells

2.Ground Substance *extracellular = Fluid outside of the cell *Watery =Connective Tissue *Semi Fluid =Connective Tissue Proper *Gel-Like =Cartilage *Hard =In Bone

• 3. Fibers (Protein) **Extracellular Matrix is a combo of Fibers & Ground Substances
• A. Collagen - Most common , Long, straight, unbranched/high tensile strength
• B. Elastic - Are thinner, wavy appearnce, and can be branched (stretchy)(150X its normal length)
• C. Reticular - Are very thin and highly branched and interwoven , create a stroma (Net like structure)

1. Support - Structural Framework

2. Energy Storage

3. Packing and Filling

4. Protective - provides cushioning and shock absorption

Refers to Tissues with extracellular matrix's (Syrupy Ground Substance); relatively few cells

• 1. Fixed
• a. Fibroblast - Immature form of the cell, can become different types, Most common, Secrete Fibers, Maintenance i. Fixed Macrophage - Stimulate a Immune Response ii.Melanocytes - producing Melanin (pigment) *Sidenote: Albinism - have melanocytes but don't produce pigment iii. Adipocytes - Store extra Lipids
• iv. Mesenchymal - Stem Cells

• b. Wandering - Mature form of the cell
• i. Free Macrophage
• ii. Free microphages
• iii. Lympocytes - White Blood Cells / Can change into Plasma Cells and produce Anti-Bodies
• iv. Mast Cell - histamines (inflammatory response) engulf the dead cells and bacteria coming from the open wound and heparin

• *Inflammatory Response - Injury - Mast Cell release Histamines onto the Capillaries - become leaky - fluid building, Heat,
• Red - Fixed macrophages cause aggregations micro and macro engulf the dead cells

• 1. Areolar, least specialized, all cell types and Fibers are present
• 2. Adipose Tissue - mostly adipocytes
• *Energy Storage
• *Cushioning
• *Space Filler
• *Insulating Tissue
• 3. Reticular Tissue - reticular fibers, fibrablasts, macrophages *Find in the Liver Spleen, Bone Marrow, Lymph-nodes
• A. Loose - few cells ground substances
• B. Dense-Lots of Fibers and few cells
• i.. Dense Regular - Fibers parallel (primarily Collagen) Find in Tendons, Ligaments, Aponeuroses (Sheet Form), Elastic Tissue
• ii.Dense Irregular - Fibers are Multi-directional

• 1. Cartilage - (is Avascular) Rubbery Matrix - In the Matrix of types of cells there are Chrondrocyte
• *are in the lacunae*, Protein Fibers ChondroitinSulphates (polysaccharides)
• *Perichondrium - outermost layer is dense irregular and the inner most layer where you have the Mesenchymal (Stem Cells)
• *Appositional - happens in the Perichondrium *Interstitial - Happens in the Chondrocytes

1.Hyaline - most common, the weakest, least amount of fibers, found in the ribs (Coastal Cartilage) Blue rings in the Resp. Tract

2. Elastic - more elastic fibers than collagen, Auricle of the Ear, Epligottis

3. Fiber - very resistant to compression, Intervert Disc and Pubic synthesis, Knee Joint

2. Bone - Hard Matrix = 1/3 Collagen Fibers and 2/3 Calcium Salts

A. Compact Bone - is found on the outer surface of the bone

• B. Osteocytes - are in Lacunae also
• i. Lamellae - Bone is formed in Concentric Rings inside a (Osteon)
• ii. COnnection points called Canaliculi - movement of material among osteocytes and from vessels in the central Canal (Vessel and Nerve Supply)
• iii. Periosteum has two layers Outer*Dense irregular and the inner is mesenchymal cells

Fluid Connective Tissue

• 1. Blood -
• a. plasma - the fluid portion is 92% water
• b. Proteins are floating around
• c.The Form Elements : Red Blood Cells/White Blood Cells-Carry out the immune response/Platelets - Help to form blood clots

2. Lymph - Fluid coming from outside of the cell, the Interstitial fluid enters through the lymph vessels / Immune response

• (3 types)
• 1. Skeletal - Primarily attached to bone, Unbranched, long, thin "Muscle Fibers"
• a. Multi Nucleated
• b. Striations - actin and myosin bands
• c. Voluntary
• d. limited ability to repair itself

• 2. Cardiac - Found in the Heart only (Myocardium)
• a. Branched, relatively short, single nucleus, can see Striations
• b. Intercalated discs (gap junctions)
• c. No repair ability
• d. Involuntary - re: control of your heart rate (pacemaker)

• 3. Smooth - is Spindle Shape, Single Nucleus, They are not striated, involuntary, like in the blood vessels, abdominal organs
• a. Can repair itself.

• a. Neuron
• b. Dendrite - incoming signal
• c. Nucleus
• d. Axon - outgoing signal