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What are pulmonary effects of left sided failure?
Crackles, dyspnea, tachypnea
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What change occurs in bronchiectasis?
Dilated bronchi
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What is atelectasis?
Collapsed alveoli
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How does emphysema affect compliance?
Increases compliance
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Low V/Q ratio (perfusion without ventilation)
Shunt
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What is a pleural effusion?
Fluid in the pleural space
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What change occurs in emphysema?
Destruction of alveolar walls and capillary beds
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What are cardiopulmonary effects of right-sided failure?
Jugular vein distention, peripheral edema, ascites
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What is one way the body compensates for shock?
Blood shifts away from skin and GI tract to increase vascular volume
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What change occurs in asthma?
An IgE mediated disorder triggered by specific antigens, causing bronchospasm.
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What is hydrostatic pressure?
Pressure that pushes fluid out of the pulmonary capillary and into the alveoli
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What causes tuberculosis?
Bacterial respiratory infection transmitted by droplet that remains viable forever
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What is RSV (respiratory syncytial virus)?
Viral disorder affecting infants, transmitted by secretions through close contact with infected persons or contact with contaminated surfaces or objects
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What are characteristics of pulmonary fibrosis or pulmonary edema?
Stiff lungs with decreased compliance
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What is cystic fibrosis?
An autosomal recessive disorder affecting exocrine glands and pulmonary airways.
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What are systemic (non-cardiopulmonary) effects of both right and left sided failure?
Oliguria, fatigue, faint pulses, restlessness, confusion, anxiety
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What are characteristics of systolic failure?
40% ejection fraction, thin myocardial walls following a myocardial infarction
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What is secondary pulmonary hypertension OR what is cor pulmonale?
A cardiovascular complication of chronic hypoxia
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In what forms is carbon dioxide carried in the blood?
H2CO3, PaCO2, HCO3, & caraminohemoglobin
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What manifestations of viral or atypical pneumonia?
Fever; dry, nonproductive cough; malaise; and headache
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What are tissue damage is occurs in viral pneumonia?
Destroy ciliated epithelial cells, invade goblet cells and bronchial mucous glands
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What is tracheoesophageal fistula?
In neonate, increases risk for aspiration pneumonia
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What change occurs in chronic bronchitis?
Hyperplasia of bronchial mucus glands and goblet cells
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What is third degree heart block?
Dysrhythmia in which atria and ventricles are not communicating
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What is the pathogenesis of septic shock?
Macrophage activation, kinins, clotting cascade, and complement cascade
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What is a manifestation of chronic hypoxia?
Clubbing of fingers
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What are ↑ temp., ↑ hydrogen, ↑ carbon dioxide? (allows more oxygen to tissues)
Causes decreased affinity for oxygen
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What part of the lung is affected by lung cancer?
Arise from epithelium of respiratory tract (bronchus)
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