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What is a description of down regulation?
High concentrations of a hormone result in a decreased number of receptor sites
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What is the pathophysiology of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?
This disorder occurs when abnormal IgG destroys the thyroid gland.
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What is Addison disease (adrenocortical insufficiency)?
A disorder due to destruction of adrenal cortex causing lack of cortisol.
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What are the serum glucose values for prediabetes and diabetes, respectively?
Fasting blood glucose values of 100-125 mg/dl and 126 mg/dl
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What is the pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes mellitus?
An autoimmune disorder in which there is cell-mediated destruction of beta cells of pancreas
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What is secondary Cushings due to ectopic cortisol?
This disorder produces hypercortisolism with high serum ACTH and high cortisol, but no tumors in the anterior pituitary or adrenal gland
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What is cretinism? (hypothyroidism in children)?
The child with this disorder has dull facial appearance, thick protruberant tongue, poor muscle tone, bradycardia, umbilical hernia, and mental retardation
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What is an example of a negative feedback loop?
A low calcium level stimulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) that results in a higher calcium level which turns off the PTH
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What causes growth of bony tissue, cartilage and soft tissue, enlarged tongue and glucose intolerance in adults?
A condition known as acromegaly due to excess growth hormone in adults
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What are clinical manifestations of hypothyroidism?
The client has lethargy, weakness, cold intolerance, weight gain and constipation
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What are clinical manifestations of Cushing syndrome?
The client had ‘moon’ face, truncal obesity, cervical fat pad, ↓muscle mass in extremities, thin skin, and osteoporosis
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How is polyuria caused in diabetes?
Increased in serum glucose increases osmotic pressure, pulls water into vascular system
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What is Hyperosmolar, Hyperglycemic, Nonketotic Syndrome (HHNS)?
The client with diabetes has polyuria and polydispia without metabolic acidosis.
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How is hypertension caused by Cushing syndrome?
Elevated cortisol and hyperglycemia increase osmotic pressure which increases volume
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What is Graves disease (hyperthyroidism)?
In this disorder, immunoglobulins stimulate the receptors to produce excessive hormone
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What is nephrogenic diabetes insipidus?
A disorder that occurs when renal tubules do not respond to ADH
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What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone(S↑ADH)?
Excess antidiuretic hormone due to ectopic sources
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What are clinical manifestations of thyroid storm?
Elevated temperature, extreme tachycardia, cardiac dysrhythmias, congestive heart failure, restlessness, agitation & psychosis
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What are the effects of taking glucocorticoids (e.g., prednisone) as an anti-inflammatory medication
The client has cushing-like clinical manifestations with a normal pituitary and adrenal glands
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What are the effects of autonomic dysfunction that occur in clients with diabetes mellitus?
The client with diabetes has poor stomach emptying. incontinence, postural hypotension, and impotence
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What are cerebrovascular accident accident (CVA), coronary artery disease (CAD) & myocardial infarction (MI), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD) ?
Chronic complications due to macrovascular disease (atherosclerosis)
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What is hyperaldosteronism?
An adrenal adenoma causes hypernatremia and hypokalemia.
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What is the action of parathyroid hormone?
It pulls calcium from bones and increases reabsorption from the kidneys and gut.
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What is syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone?(S↑ADH)
A disorder that retains water causing low sodium, hematocrit and BUN and high urine specific gravity
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What is sodium?
The electrolyte that is high in diabetes insipidus due to water deficit and low in syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone due to water excess
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What are clinical manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?
The client has kidney stones, osteoporosis, anorexia, constipation bradycardia, and heart block
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What is pheochromocytoma?(Elevated norepinephrine and epinephrine)
The client has persistent and often severe hypertension; Classic triad: headache, tachycardia, diaphoresis
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What are retinopathy and nephropahy?
Chronic complications due to the microvascular disease(Thickening of capillary basement membrane)
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