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who exmined the thin slide of cork and concluded that it looks like cell?
Robert Hooke
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what was the first witness live cell on a microscope?
algea spyrogyla
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who suggest that cells were the basic units of life?
Schwann and Schleiden
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who conclude that all cells come from pre-existing cells?
Rudolf Virchow
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fucntion efficiently of a cell that is bult to carry out life?
3 to 300 um
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The Parts of Eukaryotic Cell
- the interior of the cell is divided into organelles, each with one or more special functions
- cells compartmentalization with organelles allows many reactions to occur to react at the same time
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function of nucleus?
- protecting the DNA from potentially damaging reactions in cytoplasm
- controls access to DNA
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endoplamic reticulum
smooth and rough ER
- Rough ER
- -routing, modifying new polypeptide chain
- Smooth ER
- -synthesize lipids degrades fats and inactivate toxin
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Gogli Body
- -modifies new polypeptide chain
- -sorting and shipping protein and lipids for export or insertion into cell membranes
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vesicles
transporting, storng, digesting, substances in a cell; other functions
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Mitochondria
make ATP by sugar breakdown
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Lysosome
intracelluar digestion, recycle materials
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Peroxisome
inactivating toxin
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ribosome
- organelles without membrane
- assembling polypeptide chains
- sites of protein synthesis
- attached to Rough ER and free in cytoplasm
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Cenriole
- organelle without membrane
- anchor for cytoskeleton
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Plasma membrane
conrtol amount and kind of substances move in and out of the cell
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Plasma Membrane: a double layers of lipid
- - selective permeable
- -controls the movement of sub. move in and out
- -mix of lipid and protein, protein float in the see ofphospolipid bilayers
- -extremely thin; fluid (phospolipids move around)
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Nucleus
- master control center
- protective "isolation chamber" for DNA the genetic material
- Main parts: Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm, Chromatin, Chromosomes
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ribosome
where RNA are read and protein are made
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nucleus pore
channel to nuclear envelope
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Nucleolus
the heart of cell
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Chromosome
DNA packed in a high organization
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RNA messeger combines with protein
to make Ribosome
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Nuclear envelope
- -seletively permeable
- -two lpid bilayrs with proteins
- -outer portion of nuclear enveloped merges with endoplasmic membrane
- -inner portion of the nuclear envelope anchors DNA molecule with threadlike bits of protein
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chromatin
- cell's DNA with associated protens
- chromatin is winded to make chromosome
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chromosome
- double strand of DNA molecule
- 6 feet long, packed inside the nucleus of every human cell
- 46 molecules, one for each chromosome, and each for 1.5 inches long
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events that begin in the nucleus continues to unfold in the cell cytoplasm
organelles of a cell's endomembrane system assemble lipids and produce the final form of proteins, and then sort and ship these modelcules to various destinations.
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edomembrane system
- ER+golgi+ribosome+vesicles(lysosome and peroxisome)
- China' of the cell
- is connected to nucleus envelope
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Endoplasmic recticulum ER
- assembly line
- rough ER: studded with ribosome, role in protein modification
- smooth ER: Absence of ribosomes, role in lipid synthesis
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Golgi Bodies
- finish, pack, and ship
- -flatten sacs; enzymes in the sacs modify proteins and lipid for cell export
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Vesicle
- 1. digest
- 2. move substances into and through cells
- -patches of the Golgi membrane bulge and break off
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Lysosome (junkyard of the cell)
contains digestive enzymes breaking down lipids, sugars, nucleic acids, cell parts and whole cells
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Peroxisomes (disposal of hazardous substances)
- contans enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids
- hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen, alcohol is broken down
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Mitochondria
- -cell's energy factories
- -found in eukaryotic cells
- -ATP formed from organic compound in the presence of oxygen
- -allow for stockpilling of hydrogen ions and the formation of ATP
- -contain their own DNA (inherited solely from mother; mutates fast; used to track relations) and ribosomes; divide independently of the cells they are in
- -roughly the size of bacteria
- -yes, they are evolved from ancient bacteria
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the cell's skeleton- cytoskeleton
- internal scaffold
- -there are three types
- Actin filament, Microtubule, Intermediate filament
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fuction of cytoskeleton
- not permanent/ rigid
- assembles/disassembles fast
- viscoelastic (like corn starch)
- -use for mortility, transport and maintaining shape
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Microtubule
- largest type of cytoskeleton
- railway lines in the cell
- flagella and cilia arise from centrioles
- -very important for muscle cell, allow to contract
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Microfilaments (actin)
reinforce parts of the cell, generate force and movement
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Intermediate filaments
- add strength
- anchor other
- filaments and nucleus
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