NPB 10 MT 1

Robert Hooke

algea spyrogyla

Schwann and Schleiden

Rudolf Virchow

3 to 300 um

• the interior of the cell is divided into organelles, each with one or more special functions
• cells compartmentalization with organelles allows many reactions to occur to react at the same time

• protecting the DNA from potentially damaging reactions in cytoplasm
• controls access to DNA

• Rough ER
• -routing, modifying new polypeptide chain
• Smooth ER
• -synthesize lipids degrades fats and inactivate toxin

• -modifies new polypeptide chain
• -sorting and shipping protein and lipids for export or insertion into cell membranes

transporting, storng, digesting, substances in a cell; other functions

make ATP by sugar breakdown

intracelluar digestion, recycle materials

inactivating toxin

• organelles without membrane
• assembling polypeptide chains
• sites of protein synthesis
• attached to Rough ER and free in cytoplasm

• organelle without membrane
• anchor for cytoskeleton

conrtol amount and kind of substances move in and out of the cell

• - selective permeable
• -controls the movement of sub. move in and out
• -mix of lipid and protein, protein float in the see ofphospolipid bilayers
• -extremely thin; fluid (phospolipids move around)

• master control center
• protective "isolation chamber" for DNA the genetic material
• Main parts: Nuclear envelope, Nucleolus, Nucleoplasm, Chromatin, Chromosomes

where RNA are read and protein are made

channel to nuclear envelope

the heart of cell

DNA packed in a high organization

to make Ribosome

• -seletively permeable
• -two lpid bilayrs with proteins
• -outer portion of nuclear enveloped merges with endoplasmic membrane
• -inner portion of the nuclear envelope anchors DNA molecule with threadlike bits of protein

• cell's DNA with associated protens
• chromatin is winded to make chromosome

• double strand of DNA molecule
• 6 feet long, packed inside the nucleus of every human cell
• 46 molecules, one for each chromosome, and each for 1.5 inches long

organelles of a cell's endomembrane system assemble lipids and produce the final form of proteins, and then sort and ship these modelcules to various destinations.

• ER+golgi+ribosome+vesicles(lysosome and peroxisome)
• China' of the cell
• is connected to nucleus envelope

• assembly line
• rough ER: studded with ribosome, role in protein modification
• smooth ER: Absence of ribosomes, role in lipid synthesis

• finish, pack, and ship
• -flatten sacs; enzymes in the sacs modify proteins and lipid for cell export

• 1. digest
• 2. move substances into and through cells
• -patches of the Golgi membrane bulge and break off

contains digestive enzymes breaking down lipids, sugars, nucleic acids, cell parts and whole cells

• contans enzymes that break down fatty acids and amino acids
• hydrogen peroxide is converted into water and oxygen, alcohol is broken down

• -cell's energy factories
• -found in eukaryotic cells
• -ATP formed from organic compound in the presence of oxygen
• -allow for stockpilling of hydrogen ions and the formation of ATP
• -contain their own DNA (inherited solely from mother; mutates fast; used to track relations) and ribosomes; divide independently of the cells they are in
• -roughly the size of bacteria
• -yes, they are evolved from ancient bacteria

• internal scaffold
• -there are three types
• Actin filament, Microtubule, Intermediate filament

• not permanent/ rigid
• assembles/disassembles fast
• viscoelastic (like corn starch)
• -use for mortility, transport and maintaining shape

• largest type of cytoskeleton
• railway lines in the cell
• flagella and cilia arise from centrioles
• -very important for muscle cell, allow to contract

reinforce parts of the cell, generate force and movement

• add strength
• anchor other
• filaments and nucleus