Audiology

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The flashcards below were created by user cristal1 on FreezingBlue Flashcards.


  1. Transverse Waves
    Molecular motion moves perpendicular to the direction of wave motion (waves in water)
  2. Longitudinal Wave
    Molecular motion moves along the same axis as the wave motion.
  3. Sine and Sinusoidal Wave
    • Sine waves: a wave that begins it's cylce of oscillaion at one point and ends it's cycle at the same exact point on the next wave
    • Sinusoidal Waves: puretone (showing only one frequency with no tones superimposed)
  4. Vibrations
    Free-
    Forced-
    • Free- vibration void of an outside force to perpetuate it's movement (pendulum)
    • light dampening
    • heavy dampening
    • Forced- vibration set into motion by an outside force will remain unaltered until the outside force is removed (swing)
  5. Frequency
    • Frequency refers to the amount of time it takes to complete one cylce per second (CPS) in acoustics this measurement is known as Hertz (Hz)
    • Effects of:
    • Lenght- as length increases, frequency decreases
    • Mass- as mass increases, frequency decreases
    • Stiffness- as stiffness increases, frequency decreases
  6. Resonance
    • The vibration of an object at certain frequencies
    • A resonant frequency is a natural frequency of vibration determined by the physical parameters of the vibrating object.
  7. Sound Velocity
    • Speed with which sound travels from the source to another point.
    • Velocity of sound in air (20°C at Sea Level) is 344
    • meters/second.
    • Increased velocity=acceleration
    • Decrease velocity=deceleration
  8. Wavelength
    Wavelength is measured from any point on a wave to the same point on the next wave
  9. Phase
    • If a tone has an oscillation that begins at 0 (or 360) it is said to be in phase with the standard.
    • Interference-whenever more than one tone is introduced there is an interaction among sound waves.
    • —Two tones with the same frequency and phase will amplify each other.
    • —Two tones with identical frequency but 180 out of phase will cancel each other out.
    • Complete reinforcement and cancelation rarely happen outside of the laboratory
    • —Beats-when two tones of almost identical frequency are presented there will be an increase and decrease in the resulting sound intensity, this change in amplitude is perceived in beats.
  10. Complex Sounds
    • Complex sounds are the product of two or more sinusoidal waves combined.
    • Complex waves can be analyzed in terms of its sinusoidal components.
    • Periodic sounds-sounds that repeat over time (speech & music), fundamental frequency: the lowest rate of a sounds vibration.
    • Aperiodic sounds-random sounds, no fundamental frequency, percieved as noise
  11. Intensity
    • The intensity of a vibration, or how far the vibration moves depends on:
    • Force- the greater the force, the greater the displacement, therefore the greater the amplitude.
    • Very small amounts of force are required to stimulate hearing
    • Pressure- is generated whenever force is distributed over a surface area
  12. The Decibel
    • Five Important Aspects to Know:
    • 1.It involves a ratio
    • 2.It utilizes a logarithm
    • 3.It is nonlinear
    • 4.It is expressed in terms of reference levels (must be specified)
    • 5.Is a relative unit of measurement
  13. Decibel
    • The decibel (dB) is the unit used to measure sound.
    • The decibel scale expresses a ratio between two sound pressures, you can't add and subtract them making the decibel nonlinear.
    • Your ears can hear everything from a feather brushing lightly on paper to a jet place engine.
    • In terms of power, the sound of the jet engine is about 1,000,000,000,000 times more powerful than the smalles audible sound.
    • Therfore, the decibel scale is a logarithmic scale because the human ear is increadibly sensitive.
  14. Logarithms
    • A logarithm is a number expressed as an exponent that tells how often a number is multiplied by itself.
    • On the decibel scale, the smalles audible sound (near total silence) is 0 dB. A sound 10 times more powerful is 10 dB. A sound 100 times more powerful than near total silence is 20 dB. A sound 1,000 times more powerful than near total silence is 30 dB.
  15. Intensity Level (IL)
    • Intensity Level is occasionally used to express the decibel with an intensity reference
    • IL is not a common unit of reference in audiology
  16. Sound Pressure Level
    • Sound pressure level (SPL) used to express the decibel with a pressure reference.
    • Audiologists and acousticians more commonly measure sound in terms of pressure rather than intensity.
    • Sound Pressure Level is part of a standard system of how we express the pressure of a sound.
  17. Hearing Level
    • Hearing Level (HL) was developed out of studies that carefully measured the hearing of young adults.
    • These studies were conducted to determine threshold levels that would equal 0dBHL.
    • The lowest sound intensity that stimulated normal hearing is called 0dBHL.
    • HL became a conversion of SPL at certain frequencies.
  18. Sensation Level (SL)
    • Sensation Level (SL) is the number of decibels of a sound above an individuals threshold.
    • If, at 1000 Hz you have a 5 dB threshold, and you are presented with that tone at 50dBHL, you can label this 45dBSL.

Card Set Information

Author:
 cristal1
ID:
 133478
Filename:
 Audiology
Updated:
2012-02-07 16:11:17
Tags:
sound
Folders:

Description:
sound and it's measurement
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